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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="FunKey S - the world's smallest foldable handheld console Ultra-compact, foldable, powerful and comfortable, the FunKey S is the perfect handheld for playing retrogames anywhere, anytime."><meta name=author content="Michel Stempin"><link href=https://doc.funkey-project.com/developer_guide/hardware_reference/cpu/ rel=canonical><link href=../architecture/ rel=prev><link href=../power/power_supplies_topologies/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../../assets/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.0, mkdocs-material-9.5.21"><title>CPU - FunKey Project Documentation</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/main.66ac8b77.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet 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data-md-component=skip> <a href=#cpu-schematics class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../../.. title="FunKey Project Documentation" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="FunKey Project Documentation" data-md-component=logo> <img src=../../../assets/images/logo.png alt=logo> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> FunKey Project Documentation </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU </span> </div> </div> </div> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" 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href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/snapshot/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Take a Snapshot </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/firmware_update/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Firmware Upgrade </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/gb_palette/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change Game Boy Palette </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/gmenu2x_wallpaper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change GMenu2X Wallpaper </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_1_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_1_2 id=__nav_2_1_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardware </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_1_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_1_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Hardware </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/teardown/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Teardown </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/flash_change_sd_card/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Flash & Change micro-SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/change_buttons/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change the Buttons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/fix_unstuck_screen/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Developer's Guide </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Developer's Guide </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_1 checked> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardware Reference </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_3_1 id=__nav_3_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_1_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Hardware Reference </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../architecture/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Architecture </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-S-Hardware/blob/master/BOM/ibom.html class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> BOM </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#cpu-schematics class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU Schematics </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#soc-blocks class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SoC Blocks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#cpu-power-supplies class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU Power Supplies </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#lradc0 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> LRADC0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#sd-card class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#crystals class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Crystals </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#dram class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> DRAM </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_1_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3_1_4 id=__nav_3_1_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Power </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_1_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_1_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Power </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../power/power_supplies_topologies/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Regulated DC Power Supply Topologies </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../power/multiple_voltages/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Multiple Power Supply Voltages </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../power/pmic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> PMIC </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../power/dram_power/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> DRAM Power </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../power/decoupling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decoupling </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../screen/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Screen </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../audio/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Audio </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../buttons/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buttons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../sd-card/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../usb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> USB </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../uart/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> UART </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../magnetic_switch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Magnetic Switch </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> 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id=__nav_3_2_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_2_1_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_2_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Boot Process </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../software_reference/boot_process/boot_rom/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Boot ROM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../software_reference/boot_process/spl/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SPL </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_2_2> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../software_reference/sd_card_layout/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> SD-Card Layout </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_3_2_2 id=__nav_3_2_2_label 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class=md-ellipsis> 3D files </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Miscellaneous </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Miscellaneous </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../miscellaneous/glossary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Glossary </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#cpu-schematics class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU Schematics </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#soc-blocks class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SoC Blocks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#cpu-power-supplies class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU Power Supplies </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#lradc0 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> LRADC0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#sd-card class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#crystals class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Crystals </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#dram class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> DRAM </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <h1>CPU</h1> <p>The main part in the <strong>FunKey S</strong> device is of course its <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr>.</p> <p>As discussed in the <a href=/developer_guide/hardware_reference/#design-constraints>Design Constraints section</a>, a <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> with external <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> chips would take too much real-estate on the <abbr title="Printed Circuit Board">PCB</abbr>, so we had to find a <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> with integrated <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr>.</p> <p>There are <a href=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/memory/how-to-guide-for-on-chip-memory-2012-06/ >several options</a> for integrating <abbr title="Random-Access Memory">RAM</abbr> in a <abbr title="System on Chip">SoC</abbr>:</p> <ul> <li> <p>use <abbr title="Static Random-Access Memory">SRAM</abbr>: not possible because of the small amount of memory available (64Mbit max.)</p> </li> <li> <p>embedded <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> on the same chip: This is the solution used in the <a href=https://www.apple.com/mac/m1/ >Apple M1 chip</a>, but this chip is not available for retail and no other solutions seems readily available</p> </li> <li> <p>Stacked Chip-on-Chip (<abbr title="Package on Package">PoP</abbr>): This is the solution used on some Raspberry Pi boards, but this solution is only available for custom designs, with minimum order quantities not compatible with the <strong>FunKey S</strong> low volumes</p> </li> <li> <p><abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> die in <abbr title="System in Package">SiP</abbr>: with capacities ranging from 64Mbit to 1Gbit</p> </li> </ul> <p>We found only 2 manufacturers providing the last option: <a href=https://www.microchip.com/design-centers/32-bit-mpus/sip-som/system-in-package>Microchip</a> and <a href=https://www.allwinnertech.com/ >Allwinner Technology</a>. Microchip solutions are too limited in term of <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> power for our needs (ARM926EJ-S or Cortex A5), so we did not consider them.</p> <p>And with the exception of the mostly similar Allwinner S3 <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> which features the same characteristics but with 128MB DDR3 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> in an FBGA234 package, the <a href=https://linux-sunxi.org/images/2/23/Allwinner_V3s_Datasheet_V1.0.pdf>Allwinner V3s</a> is the <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> with integrated <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> having the highest memory capacity (512Mbit / 64MB DDR2 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr>):</p> <p><img alt="Allwinner V3s SoC" src=/assets/images/Allwinner_V3s.jpeg></p> <p>Despite its larger package size (16mm x 16mm vs. 11mm x 11mm), we selected the V3s over the S3 because of its better availability and ease of soldering of the LQFP128 over the FBGA234 package for the prototypes.</p> <p>The V3s features a rather powerful single-core ARM Cortex A7-A clocked @ 1.2GHz with an additional Vector Floating Point Version 4 (vfpv4) <abbr title="Floating Point Unit">FPU</abbr> extension and an <abbr title="Single Instruction Multiple Data">SIMD</abbr> NEON architecture with a 32 × 64-bit register file and 64-bit ALU, but unfortunately no <abbr title="Graphic Processing Unit">GPU</abbr> or 2D graphic engine containing a hardware scaler that could be extremely useful for the retro-gaming emulators.</p> <p>As a bonus, as the V3s is based on an ARM Cortex A7-A low-power architecture, it also features a low power consumption which is required by our battery operation.</p> <p>These characteristics do not look very impressive compared to a Raspberry Pi for example, but using many optimizations and after running many tests, we found them nevertheless satisfactory for our purpose.</p> <h2 id=cpu-schematics><abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> Schematics<a class=headerlink href=#cpu-schematics title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Here is the part of the schematics corresponding to the <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> core:</p> <p><img alt="CPU Schematics" class=lightbox src=/assets/images/CPU_Schematics.png></p> <h2 id=soc-blocks><abbr title="System on Chip">SoC</abbr> Blocks<a class=headerlink href=#soc-blocks title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>As can be seen, there is not much besides the <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> chip <strong>U3</strong> itself... The <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> is in fact a <abbr title="System on Chip">SoC</abbr> (System on Chip) containing a collection of built-in peripheral and memory blocks along with the <abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> itself:</p> <ul> <li> <p>the <abbr title="Liquid-Crystal Display">LCD</abbr> / <abbr title="Display Serial Interface">DSi</abbr> display peripheral</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> port G / SDC1 (<abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card <a class="magiclink magiclink-github magiclink-issue" href=https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-Project.github.io/issues/1 title="GitHub Issue: FunKey-Project/FunKey-Project.github.io #1">#1</a>) interface</p> </li> <li> <p>the AUDIO codec</p> </li> <li> <p>the LRADC0 (Low-Resolution Analog to Digital Converter)</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</abbr> <abbr title=On-The-Go>OTG</abbr> controller</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> port F / SDC0 (<abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card #0) / UART0 interface</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr> (Real Time Clock) timer</p> </li> <li> <p>the EPHY (Ethernet PHYsical) interface</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="Mobile Industry Processor Interface">MIPI</abbr> <abbr title="Camera Serial Interface">CSi</abbr> camera interface</p> </li> <li> <p>the built-in 64 MB DDR2 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr></p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> port C / <abbr title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</abbr> interface</p> </li> <li> <p>the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> port B / UART2 / PWM0 / PWM1 / TWI0 (<abbr title="Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus">I2C</abbr> #0) / TWI1 (<abbr title="Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus">I2C</abbr> <a class="magiclink magiclink-github magiclink-issue" href=https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-Project.github.io/issues/1 title="GitHub Issue: FunKey-Project/FunKey-Project.github.io #1">#1</a>)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Among these, the FunKey device only uses a few blocks:</p> <ul> <li> <p>AUDIO</p> </li> <li> <p><abbr title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</abbr> (as device only)</p> </li> <li> <p>SDC0 (for <abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card)</p> </li> <li> <p><abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr></p> </li> <li> <p><abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr></p> </li> <li> <p><abbr title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</abbr> (for the <abbr title="Liquid-Crystal Display">LCD</abbr> screen)</p> </li> <li> <p>PWM0 (for backlight)</p> </li> <li> <p>TWI0 (for <abbr title="Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus">I2C</abbr> bus to control the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> expander and power management chips)</p> </li> <li> <p>A couple of GPIOs to power the audio power amplifier and get feedback interrupt signals from the the <abbr title="General-Purpose Input/Output">GPIO</abbr> expander and power management chips</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id=cpu-power-supplies><abbr title="Central Processing Unit">CPU</abbr> Power Supplies<a class=headerlink href=#cpu-power-supplies title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>What is remarkable though is that the V3s requires a lot of different voltages for its power supply:</p> <ul> <li>+3V3 for the <abbr title=Input/Output>I/O</abbr> power supply</li> <li>+3V3_AO for the Always-On power supply (<abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr> timer)</li> <li>+3V0 for analog power supply</li> <li>+1V8 for the DDR2 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> power supply</li> <li>+1V25 for the core power supply</li> </ul> <p>This profusion of different power supplies as well as the high power drawn by some of them (1.2A for +3V3, 1.6A for +1.25V) requires a sophisticated power management that will be detailed further.</p> <h2 id=lradc0>LRADC0<a class=headerlink href=#lradc0 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The LRADC0 (Low-Resolution Analog to Digital Converter #0) is designed to measure the voltage of a resistor ladder switched by keyboard keys: this single input is thus in theory able to manage a keyboard of up to 10 keys @ 250 Hz.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the FunKey has 12 keys (U/D/L/R, A/B/X/Y, RR/RL, Start and Fn), and the resulting key detection accuracy is not compatible with a gaming usage because of long term stability problems. This is the reason why it is not used in the FunKey and just terminated by a proper low-pass filter <strong>R6</strong>/<strong>C9</strong> to avoid picking up noise glitches.</p> <h2 id=sd-card><abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card<a class=headerlink href=#sd-card title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The <abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card interface is almost a direct connection between the chip and the dedicated <abbr title="Secure Digital">SD</abbr> Card connector. Only a single series resistor <strong>R8</strong> is required on the high-speed clock line in order to <a href=https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/7709/why-put-a-resistor-in-series-with-signal-line>prevent ringing</a>.</p> <h2 id=crystals>Crystals<a class=headerlink href=#crystals title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The V3s chips requires 2 crystals:</p> <ul> <li> <p>one low-frequency <a href=https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-S-Hardware/blob/master/Datasheets/C55208_FC-12M32.768K12.5PF20PPM_2017-01-16.PDF>32.768 kHz crystal</a> <strong>Y1</strong> for the <abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr> clock</p> </li> <li> <p>one high-frequency <a href=https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-S-Hardware/blob/master/Datasheets/C270485_24MHZ18PF%C2%B110PPM4PIN-20_%2B70%E2%84%83_2018-08-14.PDF>24 MHz crystal</a> <strong>Y2</strong> for deriving the 1.2 GHz clock</p> </li> </ul> <p>The 24 MHz crystal is used by an internal oscillator to lock the phase of the 1.2 GHz oscillator using a <abbr title="Phase-Locked Loop">PLL</abbr> (Phase-Locked Loop).</p> <p>The 32.768 kHz crystal is used by another internal oscillator to tick the <abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr> (Real-Time Clock) at a standard watch frequency.</p> <p>These crystals require 2 load capacitors each (<strong>C12</strong>/<strong>C13</strong> and <strong>C14</strong>/<strong>C15</strong> respectively) in order to guarantee that the oscillators still start and work with a comfortable operation margin taking into account voltage, temperature and aging.</p> <p>The 32.768 kHz crystal features an additional high-value resistor <strong>R12</strong> in order to limit the internal oscillator's output current and thus reduce further the <abbr title="Real-Time Clock">RTC</abbr> timer power consumption.</p> <p>For more details on crystal oscillator design, please check <a href=https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/c6/eb/5e/11/e3/69/43/eb/CD00221665.pdf/files/CD00221665.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00221665.pdf>this application note from STM</a>.</p> <h2 id=dram><abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#dram title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> within the V3s chip is a <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM>DDR2 one</a>, meaning that its data lines are clocked using both edges of an up to 400 MHz clock signal.</p> <p>At these high frequencies, even short wires have a length that is of the same order of magnitude as the signal's <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength>wavelength</a> and thus each signal should be considered as a <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line>transmission line</a>, for which impedance must be matched to avoid signal reflections, requiring termination resistors on the data lines DQx.</p> <p>DDR2 or DDR3 DRAMs feature merged drivers and dynamic on-chip termination like this ("VDDQ/2" is labeled "SVREF" in our schematic):</p> <p><img alt="DRAM Merged Drivers" class=lightbox src=/assets/images/DRAM_Merged_Drivers.png></p> <p>The V3s DDR2 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> has an active termination calibration circuitry and procedure called "<em>ZQ Calibration</em>" requiring an accurate 1% 240 Ω resistor <strong>R11</strong> connected internally like this:</p> <p><img alt="Pull-Up Calibration" class=lightbox src=/assets/images/Pull-Up_Calibration.png></p> <p>More information on the DDR2 <abbr title="Dynamic Random-Access Memory">DRAM</abbr> ZQ Calibration subject can be found in this <a href=https://www.micron.com/-/media/client/global/Documents/Products/Technical%20Note/DRAM/TN4102.pdf>Micron Application Note</a>.</p> </article> </div> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> &copy; 2020-2024 FunKey Project<br> Last updated on 2024-05-04 by DrUm78<br> <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ rel=license> <img alt="Creative Commons License" style=border-width:0 src=https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/80x15.png> </a><br>This work is licensed under a <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ rel=license>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>. </div> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://www.facebook.com/FunKeyProjectOfficial target=_blank rel=noopener title=www.facebook.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - 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