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href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/aspect_ratio/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change Aspect Ratio </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/snapshot/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Take a Snapshot </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/firmware_update/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Firmware Upgrade </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/gb_palette/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change Game Boy Palette </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/software/gmenu2x_wallpaper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change GMenu2X Wallpaper </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_1_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_1_2 id=__nav_2_1_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardware </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_1_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_1_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Hardware </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/teardown/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Teardown </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/flash_change_sd_card/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Flash & Change micro-SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../user_manual/tutorials/hardware/change_buttons/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Change the Buttons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a 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Reference </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_3_1 id=__nav_3_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_1_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Hardware Reference </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../architecture/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Architecture </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/FunKey-Project/FunKey-S-Hardware/blob/master/BOM/ibom.html class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> BOM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../cpu/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CPU </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_1_4 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3_1_4 id=__nav_3_1_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Power </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_1_4_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_1_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Power </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Regulated DC Power Supply Topologies </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Regulated DC Power Supply Topologies </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#linear-regulators class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linear Regulators </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Linear Regulators"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#shunt-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shunt Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#series-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Series Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#integrated-linear-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Integrated Linear Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#ldo-low-drop-out-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> LDO (Low Drop-Out) Regulator </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#smps-switched-mode-power-supply-or-dcdc-converters class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) or DC/DC Converters </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) or DC/DC Converters"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#boost-converter class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Boost Converter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#buck-converter class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buck Converter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#isolated-smps class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Isolated SMPS </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pros-and-cons class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pros and Cons </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../multiple_voltages/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Multiple Power Supply Voltages </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../pmic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> PMIC </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../dram_power/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> DRAM Power </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../decoupling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decoupling </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../screen/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Screen </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../audio/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Audio </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../buttons/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buttons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../sd-card/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SD Card </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../usb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> USB </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../uart/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> UART </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../magnetic_switch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Magnetic Switch </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_2> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../software_reference/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Software Reference </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_3_2 id=__nav_3_2_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Software Reference </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3_2_1> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../software_reference/boot_process/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Boot Process 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class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#linear-regulators class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linear Regulators </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Linear Regulators"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#shunt-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shunt Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#series-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Series Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#integrated-linear-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Integrated Linear Regulator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#ldo-low-drop-out-regulator class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> LDO (Low Drop-Out) Regulator </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#smps-switched-mode-power-supply-or-dcdc-converters class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) or DC/DC Converters </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) or DC/DC Converters"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#boost-converter class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Boost Converter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#buck-converter class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buck Converter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#isolated-smps class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Isolated SMPS </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pros-and-cons class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pros and Cons </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <h1>Regulated DC Power Supply Topologies</h1> <p>Simple DC electronic circuits can be powered by directly connecting a battery. However, more complex circuits usually require a constant input voltage for proper operation.</p> <p>This page is a small sidetrack to explain the different regulated DC power supply topologies, before looking at the <strong>FunKey S</strong> power supply schematics in details.</p> <p>If you are already comfortable with this subject, you can skip this section entirely!</p> <h2 id=linear-regulators>Linear Regulators<a class=headerlink href=#linear-regulators title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>The easiest method to achieve a constant voltage viewed from the load despite a varying source voltage is to linearly control the resistance of the regulator in accordance with the load, resulting in a constant output voltage.</p> <h3 id=shunt-regulator>Shunt Regulator<a class=headerlink href=#shunt-regulator title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The simplest voltage regulator is the <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator#Simple_shunt_regulator>shunt regulator</a>, built around a Zener diode which most interesting characteristic is to maintain a constant voltage across itself when the current through it is sufficient to take it into the Zener breakdown region. A simple shunt regulator looks like this:</p> <p><img alt="Zener Regulator" src=/assets/images/Zener_Regulator.gif></p> <h3 id=series-regulator>Series Regulator<a class=headerlink href=#series-regulator title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>By adding a emitter-follower transistor to the simple shunt regulator, the small base current of the transistor forms a very light load on the Zener, thereby minimizing variation in Zener voltage due to variation in the load, resulting in a better regulation. Here is a schematic for this <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator#Simple_series_regulator>series regulator</a>:</p> <p><img alt="Series Regualtor" src=/assets/images/Series_Regulator.gif></p> <h3 id=integrated-linear-regulator>Integrated Linear Regulator<a class=headerlink href=#integrated-linear-regulator title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>In integrated voltage regulators, the discrete Zener diode is replaced by a more sophisticated (but easier to integrate) circuit built around a resistor divider feeding an operational amplifier, a voltage reference, and a transistor driving the emitter-follower pass transistor:</p> <p><img alt="Integrated Regulator" src=/assets/images/Integrated_Regulator.png></p> <p>Usually, the pass transistor and its driving transistor are combined into a single Darlington transistor plus a controllable current source like this:</p> <p><img alt="Darlington Transistor" src=/assets/images/Darlington_Transistor.jpg></p> <h3 id=ldo-low-drop-out-regulator><abbr title="Low Drop-Out">LDO</abbr> (Low Drop-Out) Regulator<a class=headerlink href=#ldo-low-drop-out-regulator title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The above circuit works well, but its drop-out voltage (the difference between the input and output voltage) is rather high because of this transistor cascade, around 1.5V to 2.5V.</p> <p>By replacing the emitter-follower Darlington transistor by a PNP transistor in an open collector or open drain topology, the drop-out voltage is reduced to 0.7V or lower:</p> <p><img alt="PNP Transistor" src=/assets/images/PNP_Transistor.jpg></p> <h2 id=smps-switched-mode-power-supply-or-dcdc-converters><abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr> (Switched-Mode Power Supply) or DC/DC Converters<a class=headerlink href=#smps-switched-mode-power-supply-or-dcdc-converters title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>A linear regulator provides the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power as heat in the Zener diode or in the pass transistor. Hence its maximum power efficiency is VOUT/ VIN since the voltage difference is wasted to heat the birds.</p> <p>In contrast, a Switched-Mode Power Supply changes output voltage and current by switching non-linear storage elements, such as inductors, transformers and capacitors between different electrical configurations.</p> <p>These elements are said to be non-linear because the inductor and transformer respond to changes in current by inducing its own voltage to counter the change in current, whereas a capacitor responds to changes in voltage by inducing its own current to counter the change in voltage.</p> <p>Thus, depending on the way the components are arranged, it is possible to obtain <abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr> circuits that either have an output voltage higher than the input voltage ("Boost Converters"), or lower than the input voltage ("Buck Converters", as is it subtracts or “Bucks” the supply voltage).</p> <p>Because of technology, power inductors are easier to manufacture, take less space and are more stable over time than their counterpart capacitors. This is why most power DC/DC converters are built using inductors. Capacitor-based <abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr> are generally used for lower power applications, such as for generating the +12V and -12V voltages required by true RS232 from a +3.3V or +5V power supply in the ubiquitous MAX232 drivers.</p> <h3 id=boost-converter>Boost Converter<a class=headerlink href=#boost-converter title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The most basic circuit for the Boost converter is the following:</p> <p><img alt="Boost Converter" src=/assets/images/Boost_Converter.png></p> <p>If the switch is driven by a square wave, the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform measured across the switch can exceed the input voltage from the DC source. This is because the non-linear characteristic of the inductor, and this voltage adds to the source voltage while the switch is open.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Warning</p> <p>In this converter, the output voltage is not isolated from the input voltage.</p> </div> <h3 id=buck-converter>Buck Converter<a class=headerlink href=#buck-converter title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The corresponding basic circuit for the Buck converter is the following:</p> <p><img alt="Buck Converter" src=/assets/images/Buck_Converter.gif></p> <p>The way this converter works is described in details <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter#Concept>here</a>. Basically, when the switch is closed, the inductor will produce an opposing voltage across its terminals in response to the changing current, reducing the output voltage, and meanwhile the inductor stores this energy in the form of a magnetic field. When the switch is opened, the current will decrease and will produce a voltage drop across the inductor, and now the inductor becomes a current source, where the stored energy in the inductor's magnetic field is restored and fed to the load.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Warning</p> <p>In this converter too, the output voltage is not isolated from the input voltage.</p> </div> <h3 id=isolated-smps>Isolated <abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#isolated-smps title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>Isolated Switched-Mode Power Supplies use a transformer to isolate the input voltage from the output voltage, and thus can produce an output of higher or lower voltage than the input by adjusting the turns ratio.</p> <h2 id=pros-and-cons>Pros and Cons<a class=headerlink href=#pros-and-cons title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Linear regulators are simpler than <abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr>, and their linear behavior produce a very clean output voltage, but their efficiency is directly proportional to the difference between the input and output voltage, which is dissipated as heat.</p> <p>However, for light loads and/or when the voltage drop-out is low, LDOs are very useful.</p> <p>OTOH, <abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr> are more complex and require more components, but their efficiency is much better (typically 80-90%), resulting in less heat, with the drawback of a switching electrical noise pollution of both the input voltage (that may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line) and the output voltage (with electromagnetic interference (EMI) and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and all its harmonic frequencies).</p> <p><abbr title="Switched-Mode Power Supply">SMPS</abbr> are thus almost exclusively used when heavy loads are used and/or when the voltage drop-out is important.</p> </article> </div> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> © 2020-2024 FunKey Project<br> Last updated on 2024-05-04 by DrUm78<br> <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ rel=license> <img alt="Creative Commons License" style=border-width:0 src=https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/80x15.png> </a><br>This work is licensed under a <a href=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ rel=license>Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>. </div> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://www.facebook.com/FunKeyProjectOfficial target=_blank rel=noopener title=www.facebook.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - 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