fixup commit for tag 'distr2'

Removed one superfluous line.

Action

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+name	"System definition"
+dir first
+action did_first
+failure "You have to run the shell script first in the directory first"
+fatal
+end
+name	"EM definition"
+dir etc
+end
+name "C preprocessor"
+dir util/cpp
+end
+name "EM definition library"
+dir util/data
+end
+name "Encode/Decode"
+dir util/misc
+end
+name "Shell files in bin"
+dir util/shf
+end
+name "EM assembler"
+dir util/ass
+end
+name "EM Peephole optimizer"
+dir util/opt
+end
+name "ACK archiver"
+dir util/arch
+end
+name "Program 'ack'"
+dir util/ack
+end
+name "Bootstrap for backend tables"
+dir util/cgg
+end
+name "LL(1) Parser generator"
+dir util/LLgen
+end
+name "Bootstrap for newest form of backend tables"
+dir util/ncgg
+end
+name "C frontend"
+dir lang/cem/comp
+end
+name "Basic frontend"
+dir lang/basic/src
+end
+name "Intel 8086 support"
+dir mach/i86
+indir
+end
+name "MSC6500 support"
+dir mach/6500
+indir
+end
+name "Motorola 6800 support"
+dir mach/6800
+indir
+end
+name "Motorola 6805 support"
+dir mach/6805
+indir
+end
+name "Motorola 6809 support"
+dir mach/6809
+indir
+end
+name "Intel 8080 support"
+dir mach/i80
+indir
+end
+name "2-2 Interpreter support"
+dir mach/int22
+indir
+end
+name "2-4 Interpreter support"
+dir mach/int24
+indir
+end
+name "4-4 Interpreter support"
+dir mach/int44
+indir
+end
+name "IBM PC/IX support"
+dir mach/ix
+indir
+end
+name "Motorola 68000 2-4 support"
+dir mach/m68k2
+indir
+end
+name "Motorola 68000 4-4 support"
+dir mach/m68k4
+indir
+end
+name "NS16032 support"
+dir mach/ns
+indir
+end
+name "PDP 11 support"
+dir mach/pdp
+indir
+end
+name "PMDS support"
+dir mach/pmds
+indir
+end
+name "PMDS 4/4 support"
+dir mach/pmds4
+indir
+end
+name "Signetics 2650 support"
+dir mach/s2650
+indir
+end
+name "Vax 2-4 support"
+dir mach/vax2
+indir
+end
+name "Vax 4-4 support"
+dir mach/vax4
+indir
+end
+name "Z80 support"
+dir mach/z80
+indir
+end
+name "Zilog Z8000 support"
+dir mach/z8000
+indir
+end
+name "Pascal frontend"
+dir lang/pc/pem
+end

DistrAction

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exec sh TakeAction distr distr/Action

Makefile

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-cmp:           # compile everything and compare
-	(cd etc  ; make cmp )
-	(cd util ; make cmp )
-	(cd lang ; make cmp )
-	(cd mach ; make cmp )
-
-install:         # compile everything to machine code
-	(cd etc  ; make install )
-	(cd util ; make install )
-	(cd lang/cem ; make install )
-	(cd mach ; make install )
-	(cd lang/pc ; make install )
-
-clean:        # remove all non-sources, except boot-files
-	(cd doc ; make clean )
-	(cd man ; make clean )
-	(cd h   ; make clean )
-	(cd etc  ; make clean )
-	(cd util ; make clean )
-	(cd lang ; make clean )
-	(cd mach ; make clean )
-
-opr:            # print all sources
-	make pr | opr
-
-pr:             # print all sources
-	@( pr Makefile ; \
-	  (cd doc ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd man ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd h ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd etc  ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd lang ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd util ; make pr ) ; \
-	  (cd mach ; make pr ) \
-	)

NEW

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+What's new:
+	A lot of things have changed since that previous distribution.
+It is not wise to mix files created by the previous version of the Kit
+with files belonging to this version, although that might sometimes work.
+The major additions are:
+	- Basic frontend
+	- New codegenerator
+	- LL(1) parser generator
+	- Vax backend with 4-byte wordsize
+	- Motorola 68000 backend with 4-byte wordsize
+	- Motorola 68000 interpreter for 2- and 4-byte wordsize
+	- Z8000 assembler and backend.
+	- 6805 assembler
+	- NatSem 16032 assembler
+	- Intel 8080 backend
+	- Zilog Z80 backend
+	- Signetics 2650 assembler

README

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Before starting installation you should read
+the file doc/install.pr

TakeAction

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+case $# in
+0)	PAR=install ; CMD=Action ;;
+1)	PAR="$1" ; CMD=Action ;;
+2)	PAR="$1" ; CMD="$2" ;;
+*)	echo Syntax: "$0" [param [file]] ; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+if test -r "$CMD"
+then :
+else
+	case "$CMD" in
+	Action)		echo No Action file present ;;
+	*)		echo No Action file "($CMD)" present ;;
+	esac
+fi
+THISFILE=`pwd`/$0
+SYS=
+RETC=0
+{ while read LINE
+do
+	eval set $LINE
+	case x"$1" in
+	x#*)	;;
+	xname)		SYS="$2"
+			ACTION='make $PAR'
+			DIR=.
+			FM=no
+			FAIL='Failed for $SYS, see $DIR/Out'
+			SUCC='$SYS -- done'
+			ATYPE=
+			FATAL=no
+			DOIT=yes
+			;;
+	xfatal)		FATAL=yes ;;
+	xaction|xindir)	case x$ATYPE in
+			x)	ACTION=$2 ; ATYPE=$1
+				case $ATYPE$FM in
+				indirno) FAIL='Failed for $SYS' ;;
+				esac
+				;;
+			*)	echo Already specified an $ATYPE for this name
+				RETC=65 ;;
+			esac ;;
+	xfailure)	FM=yes 
+			FAIL="$2" ;;
+	xsuccess)	SUCC="$2" ;;
+	xdir)		DIR="$2" ;;
+	xsystem)	case `ack_sys` in
+			$2)	;;
+			*)	echo "Sorry, $SYS can only be made on $2 systems"
+				DOIT=no
+				;;
+			esac ;;
+	xend)		case $DOIT in
+			no)	continue ;;
+			esac
+			case x$SYS in
+			x)	echo Missing name line; RETC=65 ;;
+			*)	if test -d $DIR
+				then (
+				     cd $DIR
+				     X=
+				     case $ATYPE in
+				     indir)	
+					     if sh $THISFILE $PAR $ACTION
+					     then eval echo $SUCC
+					     else RETC=2 ; eval echo $FAIL
+					     fi ;;
+				     *)
+					     if eval "$ACTION >Out 2>&1 </dev/null"
+					     then eval echo $SUCC
+					     else RETC=1 ; X=: ; eval echo $FAIL
+					     fi
+					     ;;
+				     esac
+				     (echo ------- `pwd`
+				      cat Out
+				      $X rm -f Out
+				     ) 2>/dev/null 1>&- 1>&3
+				     exit $RETC
+				)
+				case $? in
+				0) ;;
+				*) case $RETC in
+				   0) RETC=$? ;;
+				   esac ;;
+				esac
+				else
+				      echo Directory $DIR for $SYS is inaccessible
+				      RETC=66
+				fi ;;
+			esac
+			case $FATAL$RETC in
+			yes0)	;;
+			yes*)	echo Fatal error, installation stopped.
+				exit $RETC ;;
+			esac
+			SYS=
+			;;
+	*)		echo Unknown keyword "$1"
+			RETC=67 ;;
+	esac
+done
+exit $RETC
+} <$CMD
+RETX=$?
+case $RETX in
+0)	exit $RETC ;;
+*)	exit $RETX ;;
+esac

bin/em.pascal

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exec /usr/em/doc/em.doc/int/em /usr/em/doc/em.doc/int/tables ${1-e.out} core

distr/Action

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name "Installation manual"
+dir doc
+end
+name "EM documentation"
+dir doc/em.doc
+end
+name "Pascal bootstrap files"
+dir lang/pc/pem
+end
+name "LLgen bootstrap files"
+dir util/LLgen
+end
+name "MSC6500 vend_library"
+dir mach/6500/libem
+end

distr/Action1

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+name "vax2/cg bootstrap files"
+dir mach/vax2/cg
+end
+name "vax4/cg bootstrap files"
+dir mach/vax4/cg
+end

distr/Exceptions

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+-- ./bin/em.pascal no RCS file
+-- ./doc/em.doc/doc.pr no RCS file
+-- ./doc/install.pr no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_mnem.h no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_pseu.h no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_spec.h no RCS file
+-- ./lang/basic/src/y.tab.c no RCS file
+-- ./lang/basic/src/y.tab.h no RCS file
+-- ./lang/pc/pem/pem22.m no RCS file
+-- ./lang/pc/pem/pem24.m no RCS file
+-- ./lib/LLgen/incl no RCS file
+-- ./lib/LLgen/rec no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/head_em no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/head_i no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_em no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_em.vend no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_mon no RCS file
+-- ./mach/6500/libem/tail_em.ve.s.a no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax2/cg/tables1.c no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax2/cg/tables1.h no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax4/cg/tables1.c no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax4/cg/tables1.h no RCS file
+-- ./mach/z80/int/libpc/pc_tail.c.a no RCS file
+-- ./mkun/pubmac no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q1 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q2 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q3 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q4 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q5 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q6 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q7 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q8 no distr2 yet
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/parser no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/LLgen.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/Lpars.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/Lpars.h no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/tokens.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_flag.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_mnem.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_pseu.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_ptyp.c no RCS file

distr/How_To

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+How to make a fresh distribution:
+For a distribution you need ".distr" files and RCS files.
+The EM home directory contains a file called ".distr". It contains
+the names of all the files and directories you want to have in the distribution.
+The directories should contain .distr files, the other files should
+be placed under RCS.
+The current RCS revision name is "distr2".
+The are files that derive from other files and yet should be placed
+in the distribution.
+These files should not be placed under RCS.
+The file "Exceptions" in this directory contains the current list of
+these files.
+
+When all this is correct, use the shell script mktree the extract
+the distribution from the EM tree.
+	cd /usr/em ; sh distr/mktree destination_tree >distr/f.attf 2>&1
+Make sure that the destination tree exists and is empty!
+Failing to do that will almost certainly result in a welter of
+error messages.
+The file f.attf contains mktree error messages and should be compared
+to Exceptions.
+The actions of mktree are quite complicated. It starts in the current
+directory reading the ".distr" file, after copying that file to the
+destination tree.
+For each file mentioned there it performes certain actions:
+1- Directory	Change to that directory and call yourself recursively.
+2- File
+   a-           Try to do "co -rdistr2 destination_tree/path/destination_file"
+                on succes "chmod +w destination_file" 
+              else
+   b-           Try to do "co destination_tree/destination_file"
+                on succes "chmod +w destination_file" and
+                give message that says "Missing distr2 entry" (or some such). 
+              else
+   c-           I   Does a file LIST exist in this directory AND
+                    is the first line of LIST equal to the name of the
+                    destination file? If so, try to extract all the files
+                    named in the rest of the LIST file and call the program
+                    arch to create a library "arch cr `cat LIST`".
+                    In this manner libraries can be distributed whose members
+                    have their own RCS file! 
+              else
+                II  try to do "cp file destination_tree/path/destination_file"
+                    on succes give message that says "Missing RCS entry"
+                    (or some such). 
+              else
+   d-
+              give message that says "Missing entry" (or some such). 
+
+Now you have the tree but not everything is kosher yet.
+Some files derive from other files in the tree, those derivations should
+be done with the use of an already installed distribution.
+The files Action and Action1 in this directory contain the actions
+we now take. (Confession: most of the time we use /usr/em)
+One warning, to re-nroff the IR-81 report it takes more then just nroff
+because most nroff's can't stand that report and stop half-way.
+The ntroff program does the trick, but only on the 11's.
+	tbl sources | ntroff -Tlp | ntlp
+
+After running these re-derivation programs the distrubtion tree starts
+to look like the tree you need.
+There are too many files there though, especially the files created by
+the derivation process.
+That is why we now give the command:
+	dtar cdf distr2 .
+The file distr2 is the one you should put on tape!
+But,.... before doing that: Try it out!
+Repeat the process described in the installation manual.
+Only if that succeeds you are sure that you included the files needed,
+and gave all other files the correct "distr2" RCS id.
+After you sent the tape away, forbid ANYBODY to touch the distr2 id
+in your RCS files.
+					Good Luck,
+						Ed Keizer, 85/4/15.

distr/dwalk

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+: ${CDIR=.}
+if test ! -r .distr
+then
+	echo ++ no .distr in $CDIR
+        exit 0
+fi
+${DS-:} $CDIR
+for i in `cat .distr`
+do
+        if test -d $i
+        then
+                ( if cd $i
+		  then 
+			${DD-:} $CDIR $i
+			CDIR=$CDIR/$i
+			export CDIR
+			exec /usr/em/distr/dwalk
+		  else
+			echo ++ Could not access $CDIR/$i
+		  fi
+		)
+	else
+		${DF-:} $CDIR $i
+        fi
+done

distr/echod

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+echo $1/$2

distr/f.attf

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+-- ./bin/em.pascal no RCS file
+-- ./doc/em.doc/doc.pr no RCS file
+-- ./doc/install.pr no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_mnem.h no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_pseu.h no RCS file
+-- ./h/em_spec.h no RCS file
+-- ./lang/basic/src/y.tab.c no RCS file
+-- ./lang/basic/src/y.tab.h no RCS file
+-- ./lang/pc/pem/pem22.m no RCS file
+-- ./lang/pc/pem/pem24.m no RCS file
+-- ./lib/LLgen/incl no RCS file
+-- ./lib/LLgen/rec no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/head_em no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/head_i no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_em no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_em.vend no RCS file
+-- ./lib/ix/tail_mon no RCS file
+-- ./mach/6500/libem/tail_em.ve.s.a no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax2/cg/tables1.c no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax2/cg/tables1.h no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax4/cg/tables1.c no RCS file
+-- ./mach/vax4/cg/tables1.h no RCS file
+-- ./mach/z80/int/libpc/pc_tail.c.a no RCS file
+-- ./mkun/pubmac no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q1 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q2 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q3 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q4 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q5 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q6 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q7 no distr2 yet
+-- ./mkun/tmac.q8 no distr2 yet
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/parser no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/LLgen.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/Lpars.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/Lpars.h no RCS file
+-- ./util/LLgen/src/tokens.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_flag.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_mnem.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_pseu.c no RCS file
+-- ./util/data/em_ptyp.c no RCS file

distr/listall

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+case $# in
+0)	DIR=. ;;
+1)	DIR=$1 ;;
+*)	echo $0 [directory] ; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+DD=`pwd`/listall.d
+DW=`pwd`/dwalk
+export DD
+cd $DIR
+$DW

distr/listall.d

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+echo "<$1/$2>"
+ls -bCdx `cat .distr`

distr/listdirs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+case $# in
+0)	DIR=. ;;
+1)	DIR=$1 ;;
+*)	echo $0 [directory] ; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+DD=`pwd`/echod
+DW=`pwd`/dwalk
+export DD
+cd $DIR
+$DW

distr/mka

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+set -e
+for i in `tail +2 $DESTDIR/$1/LIST`
+do
+	${DF-false} $1 $i
+done
+cd $DESTDIR/$1
+arch cr `cat LIST`
+: I do not remove the files constituating the library, because
+: they might be present in .distr

distr/mkd

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mkdir $DESTDIR/$1/$2

distr/mkf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+if co -q -rdistr2 $DESTDIR/$1/$2 >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	chmod +w $DESTDIR/$1/$2
+elif co -q $DESTDIR/$1/$2 >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	chmod +w $DESTDIR/$1/$2
+	echo -- $1/$2 no distr2 yet
+elif grep LIST .distr >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+     (test "$2" = "`head -1 $DESTDIR/$1/LIST`") >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+     ${DA-false} "$1" "$2"
+then
+:	Fetched library contents one by one and put them together
+elif cp $2 $DESTDIR/$1/$2 >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	echo -- $1/$2 no RCS file
+else
+	echo ++ $1/$2 not present
+fi
+case $2 in
+LIST)	if (test -r $DESTDIR/$1/`head -1 $DESTDIR/$1/LIST`) >/dev/null 2>&1
+	then echo ++ LIST files must be in .distr before their libraries!!!
+	fi ;;
+esac

distr/mks

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+cp .distr $DESTDIR/$1

distr/mktree

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+case $# in
+1)	;;
+*)	echo $0 directory ; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+DDIR=/usr/em/distr
+case $1 in
+/*)	DESTDIR=$1 ;;
+*)	DESTDIR=`pwd`/$1 ;;
+esac
+DS=$DDIR/mks
+DD=$DDIR/mkd
+DF=$DDIR/mkf
+DA=$DDIR/mka
+export DESTDIR DS DD DF DA
+$DDIR/dwalk

distr/todistr

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+REV=
+FILE=
+while :
+do
+	case $# in
+	0)	break ;;
+	esac
+	ARG="$1"
+	shift
+	case "$ARG" in
+	-r*)	REV=`echo "$ARG"| sed s/-r//` ;;
+	-*)	FLAGS="$FLAGS $ARG" ;;
+	*)	case x$FILE in
+		x)	FILE="$ARG" ;;
+		*)	echo todistr can only be done on one file at the time
+			exit 1 ;;
+		esac
+	esac
+done
+case x$REV in
+x)	REV=`rlog -h "$FILE"|sed -n -e '/head/s/^head:[ 	]*//p'` ;;
+esac
+case x$REV in
+x)	exit 2 ;;
+esac
+rcs -ndistr2:$REV $FLAGS $FILE

distr/ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+DD=`pwd`/ts
+echo OK

doc/Makefile

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ SUF=pr
 PRINT=cat
 RESFILES=cref.$(SUF) pcref.$(SUF) val.$(SUF) v7bugs.$(SUF) install.$(SUF)\
 ack.$(SUF) cg.$(SUF) regadd.$(SUF) peep.$(SUF) toolkit.$(SUF) LLgen.$(SUF)\
-basic.$(SUF)
+basic.$(SUF) 6500.$(SUF) ncg.$(SUF)
 NROFF=nroff
 MS=-ms
 
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ ack.$(SUF):         ack.doc
 		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
 cg.$(SUF):		cg.doc
 		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
+ncg.$(SUF):		ncg.doc
+		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
 regadd.$(SUF):		regadd.doc
 		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
 install.$(SUF):     install.doc
@@ -32,9 +34,13 @@ toolkit.$(SUF):	toolkit.doc
 		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
 LLgen.$(SUF):	LLgen.doc
 		eqn $? | $(NROFF) $(MS) >$@
+6500.$(SUF):	6500.doc
+		$(NROFF) $(MS) $? >$@
 
 install cmp:
 
+distr:		install.doc
+		nroff -Tlp install.doc >install.pr
 pr:
 		@make "SUF="$SUF "NROFF="$NROFF "PRINT="$PRINT $(RESFILES) \
 			>make.pr.out 2>&1

doc/basic.doc

@@ -51,11 +51,8 @@ ordered alphabetically.
 Appendix A discusses the differences with
 Microsoft BASIC. Appendix B describes all reserved symbols.
 Appendix C lists the error messages in use.
-.sp
-Additional information about EM and the Amsterdam Compiler Kit
-can be obtained from .... and found in ......
 .SH
-SyNTAX NOTATION
+SYNTAX NOTATION
 .LP
 The conventions for syntax presentation are as follows:
 .IP CAPS 10
@@ -80,8 +77,6 @@ GENERAL INFORMATION
 The BASIC-EM compiler is designed for a UNIX based environment.
 It accepts a text file with your BASIC program (suffix .b) and generates
 an executable file, called a.out.
-.LP
-Should we call the preprocessor first?
 .NH 2
 LINE FORMAT
 .LP
@@ -145,7 +140,7 @@ Defines a double precision variable
 Defines a string variable.
 .LP
 NOTE: Two variables with the same name but different type is
-considered illegal (DONE?).
+considered illegal.
 .LP
 Beside single valued variables, values may be grouped
 into tables or arrays.
@@ -542,7 +537,7 @@ MID$
 MID$(<string expr1>,n[,m])=<string expr2>
 .PU
 To replace a portion of a string with another string value.
-The characters of <string expr> replaces characters in <string expr1>
+The characters of <string expr2> replaces characters in <string expr1>
 starting at position n. If m is present, at most m characters are copied,
 otherwise all characters are copied.
 However, the string obtained never exceeds the length of string expr1.

doc/cref.doc

@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ properties of the Ack-C frontend.
 .IT "2.2 Identifiers"
 External identifiers are unique up to 7 characters and allow
 both upper and lower case.
+.IT "2.3 Keywords"
+The word \fBvoid\fP is also reserved as a keyword.
 .IT "2.4.3 Character constants"
 The ASCII-mapping is used when a character is converted to an
 integer.
@@ -140,11 +142,12 @@ integer.
 To prevent loss of precision the compiler does not perform
 floating point constant folding.
 .IT "2.6 Hardware characteristics"
-The size of objects of the several arithmetic types and the two
-pointer types depend on the EM-implementation used.
+The size of objects of the several arithmetic types and 
+pointers depend on the EM-implementation used.
 The ranges of the arithmetic types depend on the size used,
 the C-frontend assumes two's complement representation for the
-integral types. All sizes are multiples of bytes.
+integral types.
+All sizes are multiples of bytes.
 The calling program \fIack\fP[4] passes information about the
 size of the types to the compiler proper.
 .br
@@ -152,32 +155,27 @@ However, a few general remarks must be made:
 .sp 1
 .IS
 .PT (a)
-Two different pointer types exist: pointers to data and
-pointers to functions.
-The latter type is twice as large as the former.
-Pointers to functions use the same format as Pascal procedure
-parameters, thereby allowing C to use Pascal procedure
-parameters and vice-versa.
-The extra information passed indicates the scope level of the
-procedure.
-.PT (b)
-The size of pointers to data is a multiple of
+The size of pointers is a multiple of
 (or equal to) the size of an \fIint\fP.
-.PT (c)
+.PT (b)
 The following relations exist for the sizes of the types
 mentioned:
 .br
 .ti +5
 \fIchar<=short<=int<=long\fP
-.PT (d)
+.PT (c)
 Objects of type \fIchar\fP use one 8-bit byte of storage,
 although several bytes are allocated sometimes.
-.PT (e)
+.PT (d)
 All sizes are in multiples of bytes.
-.PT (f)
+.PT (e)
 Most EM implementations use 4 bytes for floats and 8 bytes
 for doubles, but exceptions to this rule occur.
 .IE
+.IT "4 What's in a name"
+The type \fIvoid\fP is added.
+Objects of type void do not exist.
+Functions declared as returning void, do not return a value at all.
 .IT "6.1 Characters and integers"
 Objects of type \fIchar\fP are unsigned and do not cause
 sign-extension when converted to \fIint\fP.
@@ -187,8 +185,16 @@ Floating point numbers are truncated towards zero when
 converted to the integral types.
 .IT "6.4 Pointers and integers"
 When a \fIlong\fP is added to or subtracted from a pointer and
-longs are larger then data pointers the \fIlong\fP is converted to an
+longs are larger then pointers the \fIlong\fP is converted to an
 \fIint\fP before the operation is performed.
+.IT "7.2 Unary operators"
+It is allowed to cast any expression to the type \fIvoid\fP.
+.IT "8.2 Type specifiers"
+One type is added to the type-specifiers:
+.br
+.IS
+void
+.IE
 .IT "8.5 Structure and union declarations"
 The only type allowed for fields is \fIint\fP.
 Fields with exactly the size of \fIint\fP are signed,
@@ -200,8 +206,15 @@ Initialization of structures containing bit fields is not
 allowed.
 There is one restriction when using an 'address expression' to initialize
 an integral variable.
-The integral variable must have the size of a data pointer.
+The integral variable must have the same size as a pointer.
 Conversions altering the size of the address expression are not allowed.
+.IT "9.10 Return statement"
+Return statements of the form:
+.IS
+	return ;
+.IE
+are the only form of return statement allowed in a function of type
+function returning void.
 .IT "10.1 External function definitions"
 The total amount for storage used for parameters
 in any function must be less then 4096 bytes.
@@ -227,15 +240,8 @@ int and back will not always result in the same pointer.
 The process mentioned above works with integrals
 of the same size or larger as pointers in all EM implementations
 having such integrals.
-Note that pointers to functions have
-twice the size of pointers to data.
-When converting data pointers to an integral type or vice-versa,
-the pointers is seen as an unsigned with the same size a data-pointer.
-When converting function pointers to anything else the static link part
-of the pointer is discarded,
-the resulting value is treated as if it were a data pointer.
-When converting a data pointer or object of integral type to a function pointer
-a static link with the value 0 is added to complete the function pointer.
+When converting pointers to an integral type or vice-versa,
+the pointers is seen as an unsigned int.
 .br
 EM guarantees that any object can be placed at a word boundary,
 this allows the C-programs to use \fIint\fP pointers

doc/em/Makefile

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ IOP=../../util/ass/ip_spec.t
 doc.pr: $(FILES) itables em.i
 	tbl $(FILES) | $(NROFF) >doc.pr
 
+distr:	$(FILES) itables em.i
+	tbl $(FILES) | nroff -Tlp >doc.pr
+
 opr:	doc.pr
 	make pr | opr
 

doc/em/assem.nr

@@ -388,6 +388,17 @@ May not be preceded by any other pseudo, except MES's.
 .PT "MES 9,<cst>"
 Guarantees that no more than <cst> bytes of parameters are
 accessed, either directly or indirectly.
+.PT "MES 10,<cst>[,<par>]*
+This message number is reserved for the global optimizer.
+It inserts these messages in its output as hints to backends.
+<cst> indicates the type of hint.
+.PT "MES 11"
+Procedures containing this message are possible destinations of
+non-local goto's with the GTO instruction.
+Some backends keep locals in registers,
+the locals in this procedure should not be kept in registers and
+all registers containing locals of other procedures should be
+saved upon entry to this procedure.
 .PE 1
 .VS 1 1
 Each backend is free to skip irrelevant MES pseudos.
@@ -561,7 +572,7 @@ l l 15 l l.
 \&\*n:cst:>= 0:counter
 \&\*s:cst:>0 , word multiple:object size
 \&\*z:cst:>= 0 , zero or word multiple:object size
-\&\*o:cst:>= 0 , word multiple or fraction:object size
+\&\*o:cst:> 0 , word multiple or fraction:object size
 \&\*w:cst:> 0 , word multiple:object size *
 \&\*p:pro::pro identifier
 \&\*b:ilb:>= 0:label number

doc/em/em.i

@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ begin if (a<0) or (a>maxoffs)
 end;
 
 function argo(a:double):size;
-begin if (a<0) or (a>maxoffs)
+begin if (a<=0) or (a>maxoffs)
 	then trap(EODDZ)
 	else if (a mod wsize<>0) and (wsize mod a<>0) then trap(EODDZ);
       argo:=a ;

doc/em/int/em.p

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ begin if (a<0) or (a>maxoffs)
 end;
 
 function argo(a:double):size;
-begin if (a<0) or (a>maxoffs)
+begin if (a<=0) or (a>maxoffs)
 	then trap(EODDZ)
 	else if (a mod wsize<>0) and (wsize mod a<>0) then trap(EODDZ);
       argo:=a ;
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ begin
   a:=argp(uerrorproc);
   uerrorproc:=0;              { reset signal }
   call(a);                    { call the routine }
-  intrap:=false;              { Don't catch recursive traps anymore }
+  intrap:=false;              { Do not catch recursive traps anymore }
   goto 8888;                  { reenter main loop }
 end;
 
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ end;
 	jmp (r2)               /done
 
   The important thing to notice is where and how the operand fetch occurred:
-       lol2, lol4, and lol6, (the mini's) have implicit operands
+       lol2, lol4, and lol6, (the minis) have implicit operands
        lolb knew it had to fetch one byte, and did so without any table lookup
        lolw knew it had to fetch a word, and did so, high order byte first }
 {
@@ -1604,10 +1604,9 @@ begin
 	 end;
     CSA: begin k:=argw(k); if k<>wsize then trap(EILLINS);
 	   a:=popa;
-	   st:= popsw - signwd(memw(a+asize)); b:=0;
+	   st:= popsw - signwd(memw(a+asize));
 	   if (st>=0) and (st<=memw(a+wsize+asize)) then
-	      b:=mema(a+2*wsize+asize+asize*st);
-	   if b=0 then b:=mema(a);
+	      b:=mema(a+2*wsize+asize+asize*st) else b:=mema(a);
 	   if b=0 then trap(ECASE) else newpc(b)
 	 end;
     CSB: begin k:=argw(k); if k<>wsize then trap(EILLINS); a:=popa;

doc/em/ispace.nr

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ the trapping instruction (see next chapter).
 the GTO instruction, which is used for non-local goto's.
 It can remove several frames from the stack and transfer
 control to an active procedure.
+(see also MES~11 in paragraph 11.1.4.4)
 .PE
 .IE
 .P

doc/i80.doc

@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+." $Header$
+.RP
+.TL
+Back end table for the Intel 8080 micro-processor
+.AU
+Gerard Buskermolen
+.AB
+A back end is a part of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK).
+It translates EM, a family of intermediate languages, into the
+assembly language of some target machine, here the Intel 8080 and Intel 8085 microprocessors.
+.AE
+.NH1
+INTRODUCTION
+.PP
+To simplify the task of producing portable (cross) compilers and 
+interpreters, the Vrije Universiteit designed an integrated collection
+of programs, the Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK).
+It is based on the old UNCOL-idea ([4]) which attempts to solve the problem
+of making a compiler for each of
+.B N
+languages on
+.B M
+different machines without having to write
+.B N\ *\ M
+programs.
+.sp 1
+The UNCOL approach is to write
+.B N
+"front ends", each of which translates one source language into
+a common intermediate language, UNCOL (UNiversal Computer Oriented
+Language), and
+.B M
+"back ends", each of which translates programs in UNCOL into a
+specific machine language.
+Under these conditions, only
+.B N\ +\ M
+programs should be written to provide all
+.B N
+languages on all
+.B M
+machines, instead of
+.B N\ *\ M
+programs.
+.sp 1
+The intermediate language for the Amsterdam Compiler Kit is the machine
+language for a simple stack machine called EM (Encoding Machine).
+So a back end for the Intel 8080 micro translates EM code into
+8080 assembly language.
+.sp 1
+The back end is a single program that is driven by a machine dependent
+driving table.
+This driving table, or back end table, 
+defines the mapping from EM code to the machine's assembly language.
+.NH 1
+THE 8080 MICRO PROCESSOR
+.PP
+This back end table can be used without modification for the Intel 8085
+processor.
+Except for two additional instructions, the 8085 instruction set
+is identical and fully compatible with the 8080 instruction set.
+So everywhere in this document '8080' can be read as '8080 and 8085'.
+.NH 2
+Registers
+.PP
+The 8080 processor has an 8 bit accumulator,
+six general purpose 8-bit registers,
+a 16 bit programcounter and a 16 bit stackpointer.
+Assembler programs can refer the accumulator by A and 
+the general purpose registers by B, C, D, E, H and L. (*)
+.FS
+* In this document 8080 registers and mnemonics are referenced by capitals, for the sake of clarity.
+Nevertheless the assembler expects small letters.
+.FE
+Several instructions address registers in groups of two, thus creating
+16 bit registers:
+.DS
+Registers referenced:   Symbolic reference:
+      B and C                   B
+      D and E                   D
+      H and L                   H
+.DE
+The first named register, contains the high order byte
+(H and L stand for High and Low).
+.br
+The instruction determines how the processor interprets the reference.
+For example, ADD B is an 8 bit operation, adding the contents of 
+register B to accumulator A. By contrast PUSH B is a 16 bit operation
+pushing B and C onto the stack.
+.sp 1
+There are no index registers.
+.sp 1
+.NH 2
+Flip-flops
+.PP
+The 8080 microprocessor provides five flip-flops used as condition flags
+(S, Z, P, C, AC) and one interrupt enable flip-flop IE.
+.br
+The sign bit S is set (cleared) by certain instructions when the most significant
+bit of the result of an operation equals one (zero).
+.br
+The zero bit Z is set (cleared) by certain operations when the
+8-bit result of an operation equals (does not equal) zero.
+.br
+The parity bit P is set (cleared) if the 8-bit result of an
+operation includes an even (odd) number of ones.
+.br
+C is the normal carry bit.
+.br
+AC is an auxiliary carry that indicates whether there has been a carry
+out of bit 3 of the accumulator.
+This auxiliary carry is used only by the DAA instruction, which
+adjusts the 8-bit value in the accumulator to form two 4-bit
+binary coded decimal digits.
+Needless to say this instruction is not used in the back-end.
+.sp 1
+The interrupt enable flip-flop IE is set and cleared under
+program control using the instructions EI (Enable Interrupt) and
+DI (Disable Interrupt).
+It is automatically cleared when the CPU is reset and when
+an interrupt occurs, disabling further interrupts until IE = 1 again.
+.NH 2
+Addressing modes
+.NH 3
+Implied addressing
+.PP
+The addressing mode of some instructions is implied by the instruction itself.
+For example, the RAL (rotate accumulator left) instruction deals only with
+the accumulator, and PCHL loads the programcounter with the contents
+of register-pair HL.
+.NH 3
+Register addressing
+.PP
+
+With each intruction using register addressing,
+only one register is specified (except for the MOV instruction),
+although in many of them the accumulator is implied as
+second operand.
+Examples are CMP E, which compares register E with the accumulator,
+and DCR B, which decrements register B.
+.br
+A few instructions deal with 16 bit register-pairs:
+examples are DCX B, which decrements register-pair BC and the 
+PUSH and POP instructions.
+.NH 3
+Register indirect addressing
+.PP
+Each instruction that may refer to an 8 bit register, may
+refer also to a memory location. In this case the letter M
+(for Memory) has to be used instead of a register.
+It indicates the memory location pointed to by H and L,
+so ADD M adds the contents of the memory location specified
+by H and L to the contents of the accumulator.
+.br
+The register-pairs BC and DE can also be used for indirect addressing,
+but only to load or store the accumulator.
+For example, STAX B stores the contents of the accumulator
+into the memory location addressed by register-pair BC.
+.NH 3
+Immediate addressing
+.PP
+The immediate value can be an 8 bit value, as in ADI 10 which
+adds 10 to the accumulator, or a 16 bit value, as in 
+LXI H,1000, which loads 1000 in the register-pair HL.
+.NH 3
+Direct addressing
+.PP
+Jump instructions include a 16 bit address as part of the instruction.
+.br
+The instruction SHLD 1234 stores the contents of register
+pair HL on memory locations 1234 and 1235.
+The high order byte is stored at the highest address.
+.NH 1
+THE 8080 BACK END TABLE
+.PP
+The back end table is designed as described in [5].
+So for an overall design of a back end table I refer to this document.
+.br
+This section deals with problems encountered in writing the
+8080 back-end table.
+Some remarks are made about particular parts
+of the table that might not seem clear at first sight.
+.NH 2
+Constant definitions
+.PP
+Word size (EM_WSIZE) and pointer size (EM_PSIZE) are both 
+defined as two bytes.
+The hole between AB and LB (EM_BSIZE) is four bytes: only the
+return address and the localbase are saved.
+.NH 2
+Registers and their properties
+.PP
+All properties have the default size of two bytes, because one-byte
+registers also cover two bytes when put on the real stack.
+.sp 1
+The next considerations led to the choise of register-pair BC 
+as localbase.
+Though saving the localbase in memory would leave one more register-pair
+available as scratch register, it would slow down instructions
+as 'lol' and 'stl' too much.
+So a register-pair should be sacrificed as localbase.
+Because a back-end without a free register-pair HL is completely
+broken-winged, the only reasonable choises are BC and DE.
+Though the choise between them might seem arbitrary at first sight,
+there is a difference between register-pairs BC and DE:
+the instruction XCHG exchanges the contents of register-pairs DE and
+HL.
+When DE and HL are both heavily used on the fake-stack, this instruction
+is very usefull.
+Since it won't be usefull too often to exchange HL with the localbase
+and since an instruction exchanging BC and HL does not exist, BC is
+chosen as localbase.
+.sp 1
+Many of the register properties are never mentioned in the
+PATTERNS part of the table.
+They are only needed to define the INSTRUCTIONS correctly.
+.sp 1
+The properties really used in the PATTERNS part are:
+.IP areg: 24
+the accumulator only
+.IP reg:
+any of the registers A, D, E, H or L. Of course the registers B and C which are
+used as localbase don't possess this property.
+When there is a single register on the fake-stack, its value
+is always considered non-negative.
+.IP dereg:
+register-pair DE only
+.IP hlreg:
+register-pair HL only
+.IP hl_or_de:
+register-pairs HL and DE both have this property
+.IP localbase:
+used only once (i.e. in the EM-instruction 'str 0')
+.PP
+.sp 1
+The stackpointer SP and the processor status word PSW have to be
+defined explicitely because they are needed in some instructions
+(i.e. SP in LXI, DCX and INX and PSW in PUSH and POP).
+.br
+It doesn't matter that the processor status word is not just register A
+but includes the condition flags.
+.NH 2
+Tokens
+.PP
+The tokens 'm' and 'const1' are used in the INSTRUCTIONS- and MOVES parts only.
+They will never be on the fake-stack.
+.sp 1
+The token 'label' reflects addresses known at assembly time.
+It is used to take full profit of the instructions LHLD
+(Load HL Direct) and SHLD (Store HL Direct).
+.sp 1
+Compared with many other back-end tables, there are only a small number of
+different tokens (four).
+Reasons are the limited addressing modes of the 8080 microprocessor,
+no index registers etc.
+.br
+For example to translate the EM-instruction
+.DS
+lol 10
+.DE
+the next 8080 instructions are generated:
+.DS L
+LXI H,10        /* load registers pair HL with value 10 */
+DAD B           /* add localbase (BC) to HL             */
+MOV E,M         /* load E with byte pointed to by HL    */
+INX H           /* increment HL                         */
+MOV D,M         /* load D with next byte                */
+.DE
+Of course, instead of emitting code immmediately, it could be postponed
+by placing something like a {LOCAL,10} on the fake-stack, but some day the above
+mentioned code will have to be generated, so a LOCAL-token is
+hardly usefull.
+.br
+See also the comment on the load instructions.
+.NH 2
+Sets
+.PP
+Only 'src1or2' is used in the PATTERNS.
+.NH 2
+Instructions
+.PP
+Each instruction indicates whether or not the condition flags
+are affected, but this information will never have any influence
+because there are no tests in the PATTERNS part of the table.
+.sp 1
+For each instruction a cost vector indicates the number of bytes
+the instruction occupies and the number of time periods it takes
+to execute the instruction.
+The length of a time period depends on the clock frequency
+and may range from 480 nanoseconds to 2 microseconds on a 
+8080 system and from 320 nanoseconds to 2 microseconds
+on a 8085 system.
+.sp 1
+In the TOKENS-part the cost of token 'm' is defined as (0,3).
+In fact it usually takes 3 extra time periods when this register indirect mode
+is used instead of register mode, but since the costs are not completely
+orthogonal this results in small deficiencies for the DCR, INR and MOV
+instructions.
+Although it is not particularly usefull these deficiencies are
+corrected in the INSTRUCTIONS part, by treating the register indirect
+mode seperately.
+.sp 1
+The costs of the conditional call and return instructions really
+depend on whether or not the call resp. return is actually made.
+Unimportant.
+.sp 1
+Instructions not used in this table have been commented out.
+Of course many of them are used in the library routines.
+.NH 2
+Moves
+.PP
+This section is supposed to be straight-forward.
+.NH 2
+Tests
+.PP
+The TESTS section is only included to refrain
+.B cgg
+from complaining.
+.NH 2
+Stackingrules
+.PP
+When, for example, the token {const2,10} has to be stacked while
+no free register-pair is available, the next code is generated:
+.DS
+PUSH H
+LXI H,10
+XTHL
+.DE
+The last instruction exchanges the contents of HL with the value
+on top of the stack, giving HL its original value again.
+.NH 2
+Coercions
+.PP
+The coercion to unstack register A, is somewhat tricky,
+but unfortunately just popping PSW leaves the high-order byte in
+the accumulator.
+.sp 1
+The cheapest way to coerce HL to DE (or DE to HL) is by using
+the XCHG instruction, but it is not possible to explain
+.B cgg
+this instruction in fact exchanges the contents of these
+register-pairs.
+Before the coercion is carried out other appearances of DE and HL
+on the fake-stack will be moved to the real stack, because in
+the INSTRUCTION-part is told that XCHG destroyes the contents
+of both DE and HL.
+.br
+The coercion transposing one register-pair to another one by
+emitting two MOV-instructions, will be used only if
+one of the register-pairs is the localbase.
+.NH 2
+Patterns
+.PP
+As a general habit I have allocated (uses ...) all registers
+that should be free to generate the code, although it is not
+always necessary.
+For example in the code rule
+.DS
+pat loe
+uses hlreg
+gen lhld {label,$1}                   yields hl
+.DE
+the 'uses'-clause could have been omitted because 
+.B cgg
+knows that LHLD destroyes register-pair HL.
+.sp 1
+Since there is only one register with property 'hlreg',
+there is no difference between 'uses hlreg' (allocate a
+register with property 'hlreg') and 'kills hlreg' (remove
+all registers with property 'hlreg' from the fake-stack).
+The same applies for the property 'dereg'.
+.br
+As a consequence 'kills' is rarely used in this back-end table.
+.NH 3
+Group 1: Load instructions
+.PP
+When a local variable must be squared, there will probably be EM-code like:
+.DS
+lol 10
+lol 10
+mli 2
+.DE
+When the code for the first 'lol 10' has been executed, DE contains the
+wanted value.
+To refrain 
+.B cgg
+from emitting the code for 'lol 10' again, an extra
+pattern is included in the table for cases like this.
+.br
+The same applies for two consecutive 'loe'-s or 'lil'-s.
+.sp 1
+A bit tricky is 'lof'.
+It expects either DE or HL on the fake-stack, moves {const2,$1}
+into the other one, and eventually adds them.
+The 'kills' part is necessary here because if DE was on the fake-stack,
+.B cgg
+doesn't see that the contents of DE is destroyed by the code
+(in fact 'kills dereg' would have been sufficient: because of the
+DAD instruction 
+.B cgg
+knows that HL is destroyed).
+.sp 1
+By lookahead,
+.B cgg
+can make a clever choise between the first and
+second code rule of 'loi 4'.
+The same applies for several other instructions.
+.NH 3
+Group 2: Store instructions
+.PP
+A similar idea as with the two consecutive identical load instructions
+in Group 1, applies for a store instruction followed by a corresponding load instruction.
+.NH 3
+Groups 3 and 4: Signed and unsigned integer arithmetic
+.PP
+Since the 8080 instruction set doesn't provide multiply and
+divide instructions, special routines are made to accomplish these tasks.
+.sp 1
+Instead of providing four slighty differing routines for 16 bit signed or
+unsigned division, yielding the quotient or the remainder,
+the routines are merged.
+This saves space and assembly time
+when several variants are used in a particular program,
+at the cost of a little speed.
+.br
+When the routine is called, bit 7 of register A indicates whether
+the operands should be considered as signed or as unsigned integers,
+and bit 0 of register A indicates whether the quotient or the
+remainder has to be delivered.
+.br
+The same applies for 32 bit division.
+.sp 1
+The routine doing the 16 bit unsigned multiplication could
+have been used for 16 bit signed multiplication too.
+Nevertheless a special 16 bit signed multiplication routine is
+provided, because this one will usually be much faster.
+.NH 3
+Group 5: Floating point arithmetic
+.PP
+Floating points are not implemented.
+.br
+Whenever an EM-instruction involving floating points is offered
+to the code-generator, it generates the code 'call eunimpl',
+which traps with trap number 63.
+Some of the Pascal and C library routines output floating point
+EM-instructions, so code has to be generated for them.
+Of course this doesn't imply the code will ever be executed.
+.NH 3
+Group 12: Compare instructions
+.PP
+The code for 'cmu 2', with its 4 labels, is terrible.
+But it is the best I could find.
+.NH 3
+Group 9: Logical instructions
+.PP
+I have tried to merge both variants of the instructions 'and 2', 'ior 2' and 'xor 2',
+as in
+.DS
+pat and $1==2
+with hl_or_de hl_or_de
+uses reusing %1, reusing %2, hl_or_de, areg
+gen mov a,%1.2
+    ana %2.2
+    mov %a.2,a
+    mov a,%1.1
+    ana %2.1
+    mov %a.1,a                     yields %a
+.DE
+but the current version of
+.B cgg
+doesn't approve this.
+.br
+In any case
+.B cgg
+chooses either DE or HL to store the result, using lookahead.
+.NH 3
+Group 14: Procedure call instructions
+.PP
+There is an 8 bytes function return area, called '.fra'.
+If only 2 bytes have to be returned, register-pair DE is used.
+.NH 1
+LIBRARY ROUTINES
+.PP
+Most of the library routines start with saving the return address
+and the localbase, so that the parameters are on the top of the stack
+and the registers B and C are available as scratch registers.
+Since register-pair HL is needed to accomplish these tasks,
+and also to restore everything just before the routine returns,
+it is not possible to transfer data between the routines and the
+surrounding world through register H or L. 
+Only registers A, D and E can be used for this.
+.sp
+When a routine returns 2 bytes, they are usually returned in 
+registers-pair DE.
+When it returns more than 2 bytes they are pushed onto the stack.
+.br
+
+It would have been possible to let the 32 bit arithmetic routines
+return 2 bytes in DE and the remaining 2 bytes on the stack
+(this often would have saved some space and execution time),
+but I don't consider that as well-structured programming.
+.NH 1
+TRAPS
+.PP
+Whenever a trap, for example trying to divide by zero,
+occurs in a program that originally was written in C or Pascal,
+a special trap handler is called.
+.br
+This trap handler wants to write an appropriate error message on the
+monitor.
+It tries to read the message from a file (e.g. etc/pc_rt_errors in the
+EM home directory for Pascal programs), but since the 8080 back-end
+doesn't know about files, we are in trouble.
+This problem is solved, as far as possible, by including the 'open'-monitor call in the mon-routine.
+It returns with file descriptor -1.
+The trap handler reacts by generating another trap, with the original
+trap number.
+But this time, instead of calling the C- or Pascal trap handler again,
+the next message is printed on the monitor:
+.DS L
+        trap number <TN>
+        line <LN> of file <FN>
+
+where   <TN> is the trap number (decimal)
+        <LN> is the line number (decimal)
+        <FN> is the filename of the original program
+.DE
+.sp 1
+Trap numbers are subdivided as follows:
+.IP 1-27: 20
+EM-machine error, as described in [3]
+.IP 63:
+an unimplemented EM-instruction is used
+.IP 64-127:
+generated by compilers, runtime systems, etc.
+.IP 128-252:
+generated by user programs
+.NH 1
+IMPLEMENTATION
+.PP
+It will not be possible to run the entire Amsterdam Compiler Kit on a
+8080-based computer system.
+One has to write a program on another 
+system, a system where the compiler kit runs on.
+This program may be a mixture of high-level languages, such as 
+C or Pascal, EM and 8080 assembly code.
+The program should be compiled using the compiler kit, producing 8080 machine code.
+This code should come available to the 8080 machine
+for example by downloading or
+by storing it in ROM (Read Only Memory).
+.sp 1
+Depending on the characteristics of the particular 8080 based system, some
+adaptions have to be made:
+.IP 1) 10 
+In 'head_em': the base address, which is the address where the first
+8080 instruction will be stored, and the initial value of the
+stackpointer are set to 0x1000 and 0x8000 respectivally.
+.br
+Other systems require other values.
+.IP 2)
+In 'head_em': before calling "_m_a_i_n", the environment
+pointer, argument vector and argument count will have to be pushed
+onto the stack.
+Since this back-end is tested on a system without any knowledge
+of these things, dummies are pushed now.
+.IP 3)
+In 'tail_em': proper routines "putchar" and "getchar" should
+be provided.
+They should write resp. read a character on/from the monitor.
+Maybe some conversions will have to be made.
+.IP 4)
+In 'head_em': an application program returns control to the monitor by 
+jumping to address 0xFB52.
+If this is not the right way on your system, change it.
+.IP 5)
+In 'tail_em': the current version of the 8080 back-end has very limited I/O
+capabilities, because it was tested on a system that
+had no knowlegde of files.
+So the implementation of the EM-instruction 'mon' is very simple;
+it can only do the following things:
+.RS
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 1: 40
+Exit
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 3:
+read, always reads from the monitor.
+.br
+echos the read character.
+.br
+ignores file descriptor.
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 4:
+write, always writes on the monitor.
+.br
+ignores file descriptor.
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 5:
+open file, returns file descriptor -1.
+.br
+(compare chapter about TRAPS)
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 6:
+close file, returns error code = 0.
+.IP Monitor\ call\ 54:
+io-control, returns error code = 0.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the system should do file-handling the routine ".mon"
+should be extended thoroughly.
+.NH 1
+INTEL 8080 VERSUS ZILOG Z80 AND INTEL 8086
+.NH 2
+Introduction
+.PP
+At about the same time I develloped the back end
+for the Intel 8080 and Intel 8085,
+Frans van Haarlem did the same job for the Zilog z80 microprocessor.
+Since the z80 processor is an extension of the 8080,
+any machine code offered to a 8080 processor can be offered
+to a z80 too.
+The assembly languages are quite different however.
+.br
+During the devellopments of the back ends we have used
+two micro-computers, both equiped with a z80 microprocessor.
+Of course the output of the 8080 back end is assembled by an
+8080 assembler. This should assure I have never used any of
+the features that are potentially available in the z80 processor,
+but are not part of a true 8080 processor.
+.sp 1
+As a final job, I have
+investigated the differences between the 8080 and z80 processors
+and their influence on the back ends.
+I have tried to measure this influence by examining the length of
+the generated code.
+I have also involved the 8086 micro-processor in this measurements.
+.NH 2
+Differences between the 8080 and z80 processors
+.PP
+Except for some features that are less important concerning back ends,
+there are two points where the z80 improves the 8080:
+.IP First, 18
+the z80 has two additional index registers, IX and IY.
+They are used as in
+.DS
+         LD B,(IX+10)
+.DE
+The offset, here 10, should fit in one byte.
+.IP Second,
+the z80 has several additional instructions.
+The most important ones are:
+.RS
+.IP 1) 8
+The 8080 can only load or store register-pair HL direct
+(using LHLD or SHLD).
+The z80 can handle BC, DE and SP too.
+.IP 2)
+Instructions are included to ease block movements.
+.IP 3)
+There is a 16 bit subtract instruction.
+.IP 4)
+While the 8080 can only rotate the accumulator, the z80
+can rotate and shift each 8 bit register.
+.IP 5)
+Special routines are included to jump to near locations, saving 1 byte.
+.RE
+.NH 2
+Consequences for the 8080 and z80 back end
+.PP
+The most striking difference between the 8080 and z80 back ends
+is the choise of the localbase.
+The writer of the z80 back end chose index register IY as localbase,
+because this results in the cheapest coding of EM-instructions
+like 'lol' and 'stl'.
+.br
+The z80 instructions that load local 10, for example
+.DS
+LD E,(IY+10)
+LD D,(IY+11)
+.DE
+occupy 6 bytes and take 38 time periods to execute.
+The five corresponding 8080 instructions loading a local
+occupy 7 bytes and take 41 time periods.
+Although the profit of the z80 might be not world-shocking,
+it should be noted that as a side effect it may save some
+pushing and popping since register pair HL is not used.
+.sp 1
+The choise of IY as localbase has its drawbacks too.
+The root of the problem is that it is not possible to add
+IY to HL.
+For the EM-instruction
+.DS
+lal 20
+.DE
+the z80 back end generates code like
+.DS
+LD BC,20
+PUSH IY
+POP HL
+ADD HL,BC
+.DE
+leaving the wanted address in HL.
+.br
+This annoying push and pop instructions are also needed in some
+other instructions, for instance in 'lol' when the offset
+doesn't fit in one byte.
+.sp 1
+Beside the choise of the localbase, I think there is no
+fundamental difference between the 8080 and z80 back ends,
+except of course that the z80 back end has register pair BC
+and, less important, index register IX available as scratch registers.
+.sp 1
+Most of the PATTERNS in the 8080 and z80 tables are more or less
+a direct translation of each other.
+.NH 2
+What did I do?
+.PP
+To get an idea of the quality of the code generated by
+the 8080, z80 and 8086 back ends I have gathered
+some C programs and some Pascal programs.
+Then I produced 8080, z80 and 8086 code for them.
+Investigating the assembler listing I found the
+lengths of the different parts of the generated code.
+.br
+I have checked two areas:
+.IP 1) 8
+the entire text part
+.IP 2)
+the text part without any library routine, so only the plain user program
+.LP
+I have to admit that neither one of them is really honest.
+When the entire text part is checked, the result is disturbed
+because not always the same library routines are loaded.
+And when only the user program itself is considered, the result is
+disturbed too.
+For example the 8086 has a multiply instruction,
+so the EM-instruction 'mli 2' is translated in the main program,
+but the 8080 and z80 call a library routine that is not counted.
+Also the 8080 uses library routines at some places where the
+z80 does not.
+.sp 1
+But nevertheless I think the measurements will give an idea
+about the code produced by the three back ends.
+.NH 2
+The results
+.PP
+The table below should be read as follows.
+For all programs I have computed the ratio of the code-lengths
+of the 8080, z80 and 8086.
+The averages of all Pascal/C programs are listed in the table,
+standarized to '100' for the 8080.
+So the listed '107' indicates that the lengths
+of the text parts of the z80 programs that originally were Pascal programs,
+averaged 7 percent larger than in the corresponding 8080 programs.
+.DS C
+ --------------------------------------------------
+|                       |  8080  |   z80  |  8086  |
+ --------------------------------------------------
+| C, text part          |   100  |   103  |    65  |
+| Pascal, text part     |   100  |   107  |    55  |
+| C, user program       |   100  |   110  |    71  |
+| Pascal, user program  |   100  |   118  |    67  |
+ --------------------------------------------------
+.DE
+.TE
+The most striking thing in this table is that the z80 back end appears
+to produce larger code than the 8080 back end.
+The reason is that the current z80 back end table is
+not very elaborate yet.
+For instance it doesn't look for any EM-pattern longer than one.
+So the table shows that the preparations in the 8080 back end table
+to produce faster code (like recognizing special EM-patterns
+and permitting one byte registers on the fake-stack)
+was not just for fun, but really improved the generated code
+significantly.
+.sp 1
+The table shows that the 8080 table is relativelly better
+when only the plain user program is considered instead  of the entire text part.
+This is not very surprising since the 8080 back end sometimes
+uses library routines where the z80 and especially the 8086 don't.
+.sp 1
+The difference between the 8080 and z80 on the one hand and the 8086
+on the other is very big.
+But of course it was not equal game:
+the 8086 is a 16 bit processor that is much more advanced than the
+8080 or z80 and the 8086 back end is known to produce
+very good code.
+.bp
+.B REFERENCES
+.sp 2
+.IP [1] 10
+8080/8085 Assembly Language Programming Manual,
+.br
+Intel Corporation (1977,1978)
+.IP [2]
+Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Hans van Staveren, E.G. Keizer and Johan W. Stevenson,
+.br
+A practical tool kit for making portable compilers,
+.br
+Informatica report 74, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1983.
+.sp
+An overview on the Amsterdam Compiler Kit.
+.IP [3]
+Tanenbaum, A.S., Stevenson, J.W., Keizer, E.G., and van Staveren, H.
+.br
+Desciption of an experimental machine architecture for use with block
+structured languages,
+.br
+Informatica report 81, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1983.
+.sp
+The defining document for EM.
+.IP [4]
+Steel, T.B., Jr.
+.br
+UNCOL: The myth and the Fact. in Ann. Rev. Auto. Prog.
+.br
+Goodman, R. (ed.), vol. 2, (1960), p325-344.
+.sp
+An introduction to the UNCOL idea by its originator.
+.IP [5]
+van Staveren, Hans
+.br
+The table driven code generator from the Amsterdam Compiler Kit
+(Second Revised Edition),
+.br
+Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
+.sp
+The defining document for writing a back end table.
+.IP [6]
+Voors, Jan
+.br
+A back end for the Zilog z8000 micro,
+.br
+Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
+.sp
+A document like this one, but for the z8000.

doc/pcref.doc

@@ -413,6 +413,36 @@ for parameters. Some EM implementations check this:
 \*(ONnot checked.
 .I2
 not checked.
+.IE
+.PP
+For those who wish the use the interface between C and Pascal we
+give an incomplete list of corresponding formal parameters in C and Pascal.
+.sp 1
+.ta 8 37
+.nf
+	Pascal	C
+	a:integer	int a
+	a:char	int a
+	a:boolean	int a
+	a:real	double a
+	a:^type	type *a
+	var a:type	type *a
+	procedure a(pars)	struct {
+		     void (*a)() ;
+		     char *static_link ;
+		}
+	function a(pars):type	struct {
+		     type (*a)() ;
+		     char *static_link ;
+		}
+.fi
+The Pascal runtime system uses the following algorithm when calling
+function/procedures passed as parameters.
+.nf
+.ta 8 16
+	if ( static_link ) (*a)(static_link,pars) ;
+	else               (*a)(pars) ;
+.fi
 .IT 6.7.2.1
 The order of evaluation of the operands of a dyadic operator
 shall be implementation-dependent.
@@ -1304,6 +1334,19 @@ Alternate symbol representation.
 .sp
 The comment delimiters '(*' and '*)' are recognized and treated like '{' and '}'.
 The other alternate representations of symbols are not recognized.
+.sp
+.ti -3
+9.~\
+Pre-processing.
+.sp
+If the very first character of a file containing a Pascal
+program is the sharp ('#', ASCII 23(hex)) the file is preprocessed
+in the same way as C programs.
+Lines beginning with a '#' are taken as preprocessor command lines
+and not fed to the Pascal compiler proper.
+C style comments, /*......*/, are removed by the C preprocessor,
+thus C comments inside Pascal programs are also removed when they
+are fed through the preprocessor.
 .CH "Deviations from the standard"
 Ack-Pascal deviates from the (March 1980) standard proposal in the following ways:
 .IS

doc/z80.doc

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+THE Z80 BACK END TABLE
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+This table was written to make it run, not to make it clever!
+The effect is, that the table written for the intel 8080, 
+which was made very clever runs faster and requiers less space!!
+So, for anyone to run programs on a z80 machine:
+You could try to make the table as clever as the one for the i80,
+or you could run the i80 table, for that can run on every z80 too.
+
+IMPLEMENTATION
+
+It will not be possible to run the entire Amsterdam Compiler Kit on a
+Z80-based computer system.
+One has to write a program on another 
+system, a system where the compiler kit runs on.
+This program may be a mixture of high-level languages, such as 
+C or Pascal, EM and z80 assembly code.
+The program should be compiled using the compiler kit,
+producing z80 machine code.
+This code should come available to the z80 machine
+for example by downloading or
+by storing it in ROM (Read Only Memory).
+Depending on the characteristics of the particular z80 based system, some
+adaptions have to be made:
+1) In 'head_em': the base address, which is the address where the first
+   z80 instruction will be stored, and the initial value of the
+   stackpointer are set to 0x1000 and 0x7ffe respectivally.
+   The latter because it could run on a 32K machine as well.
+   Other systems require other values.
+2) In 'head_em': before calling "_m_a_i_n", the environment
+   pointer, argument vector and argument count will have to be pushed
+   onto the stack.
+   Since this back-end is tested on a system without any knowledge
+   of these things, dummies are pushed now.
+3) In 'tail_em': proper routines "putchar" and "getchar" should
+   be provided.
+   They should write resp. read a character on/from the monitor.
+   Maybe some conversions will have to be made.
+   The ones for the Nascom and Hermac z80 micro's are to be found
+   in the EM-library.
+4) In 'head_em': an application program returns control to the monitor by 
+   jumping to address 0x20.
+   If this is not the right way on your system, change it.
+   For an CPM-machine for example this should be 0x5, to provide a warm boot.
+5) In 'tail_em': the current version of the z80 back-end has very limited I/O
+   capabilities, because it was tested on a system that
+   had no knowlegde of files.
+   So the implementation of the EM-instruction 'mon' is very simple;
+   it can only do the following things:
+   Monitor call 1:
+		Exit
+   Monitor call 3:
+   		read, always reads from the monitor.
+		echos the read character.
+		ignores file descriptor.
+   Monitor call 4:
+		write, always writes on the monitor.
+		ignores file descriptor.
+   Monitor call 5:
+		open file, returns file descriptor -1.
+   Monitor call 6:
+		close file, returns error code = 0.
+   Monitor call 54:
+		io-control, returns error code = 0.
+If the system should do file-handling the routine ".mon"
+should be extended thoroughly.

emtest/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+tested:		last
+	set -x ;\
+		for i in `awk '{for(i=\$$1;i<=127;i++)print i}' last ` ;\
+		do \
+		  echo $$i; \
+		  echo $$i >last; \
+		  select $$i tests > test.e; \
+		  ack test.e; \
+		  a.out \
+		  : ok; \
+		done
+		rm -f test.e a.out
+		>tested
+
+last:		tests test.h select
+		echo 0 >last
+
+select:		select.c
+		cc -O -n -o select select.c

emtest/READ_ME

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+This directory contains test programs for EM implementations.
+The test programs are all part of the file "tests".
+Each individual test program looks like:
+
+	TEST 004: test ...
+	 ...		; data declarations etc.
+	MAIN nlocal
+	 ...		; part of the body of MAIN
+	PROC
+	 ...		; subroutines used by this test
+
+The PROC part is optional, so the smallest test program looks like:
+
+	TEST 000: null test
+	MAIN 0
+
+The keywords used by "select", like TEST, MAIN, PROC, HOL, OK and ERRLAB,
+all consist of upper case letters and start in column one.
+A convention for test numbers is to use 3 digit numbers, possibly left
+padded with zero's.
+
+A program, called "select", is provided to combine a range of tests
+into a single test program.
+"Select" expects a range as argument, like 0-127, or -127, or 0-.
+Tests that have a TEST number in that range are included.
+"Select" also expects the file from which the tests should
+be selected as an argument.
+If no argument is given, or only a range argument, select expects
+the tests to slect from on standard input.
+
+To prevent name clashes, some rules must be obeyed:
+   - data label names, procedure names and instruction label numbers
+     must be unique over all tests. A good habit is to use the
+     three digit test number as suffix.
+   - only keyword of "select" may start with uppercase letters in column
+     one, to allow for expansion in the future.
+   - because only a single 'hol' pseudo is allowed, "select" must
+     generate the 'hol' pseudo. An individual test may request
+     some 'hol' space by a special HOL line, starting in column one
+     and followed by a single number, the number of bytes needed.
+     This number must consists of digits only, no constant symbols,
+     because "select" must compute the maximum, so before the
+     preprocessor has replaced the constant symbols by their values.
+   - a similar problem is caused by the number of bytes of local
+     storage for 'main'. An individual test may specify the number
+     of bytes it needs as parameter to the MAIN line.
+     Again, the number must consist of digits only.
+
+Test programs print a sequence of integers greater than 1.
+This sequence is terminated by the number 1 as soon as an error is detected.
+If all tests are performed correctedly the number 0 is printed.
+
+To allow test programs to print integers without the full machinery of
+conversion and i/o routines, the EM instruction 'nop' is used.
+Each time this instruction is executed, the current line number as
+maintained by the 'lin' instruction must be printed, followed by a
+newline, at least during debugging.
+
+The following abbrevation may be used in test programs:
+
+	OK	->	lin n
+			nop
+
+Numbers are automatically assigned in order of static appearance.
+As soon as an error is detected you must branch to label 1, by instructions
+like 'bra *1' and 'zne *1'.
+Label 1 is automatically provided in the main routine.
+If you jump to label 1 in a subroutine, then that subroutine must
+end with ERRLAB, like in:
+
+	PROC
+	 pro $test,0
+	 ...
+	 bra *1
+	 ...
+	 ret 0
+	ERRLAB
+	 end
+
+An option to "select" is to generate 'fil' instructions whenever a
+new test starts.
+This is useful if 'nop' prints the 'fil' string as well as the 'lin' number.
+This 'f' option is on by default, off if a '-f' flag is given.
+
+The EM file generated by "select" includes "test.h".
+"test.h" may contain definitions of the following symbols:
+	W2S:	the size of double precision integers, if implemented.
+	FS:	the size of single precision floats, if implemented.
+	F2S:	the size of double precision floats, if implemented.
+The value of these symbols, if defined, must be the size of the object involved.
+
+Two other symbols are used:
+	EM_PSIZE:	pointer size
+	EM_WSIZE:	word size
+The machine dependent translation program, like 8086 and vax2, give
+definitions of these symbols while calling the EM encode program.
+Because these size names occur quite often, they may be abbreviated:
+	WS	->	EM_WSIZE
+	PS	->	EM_PSIZE
+
+Before running the tests in the file "tests", it is wise to test
+the necessary basic functions with some simple tests like
+
+	TEST 000: null
+	MAIN 0
+and
+	TEST 001: ok
+	MAIN 0
+	OK
+and
+	TEST 998: error
+	MAIN 0
+	 bra *1
+and
+	TEST 999: test lni
+	MAIN 0
+	 lin 1
+	 lni
+	 loe 0
+	 loc 2
+	 bne *1
+	OK
+The first two of these are part of "tests" as well. The last two are
+not included in "tests" intensionally, because they would fail.
+The last tests fails because it references the ABS block which is
+inaccessable after an 'hol' pseudo.
+Proceed as follows for each of these basic tests:
+ - make a file called 'basic' containing the test
+ - run select:
+	select basic >basic.e
+ - compile by
+	machine basic.e
+ - and load and run
+
+   where machine should be replaced by the name of program
+   used to compile EM programs for the current machine.

emtest/last

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0

emtest/ok

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+trap "" 1 2
+
+while read x
+do
+	case $x in
+	0)	exit 0;;
+	bad)	exit 1;;
+	esac
+done
+exit 1

emtest/select.c

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+/*
+ * (c) copyright 1983 by the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
+ *
+ *          This product is part of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, sell, duplicate or disclose this software must be
+ * obtained in writing. Requests for such permissions may be sent to
+ *
+ *      Dr. Andrew S. Tanenbaum
+ *      Wiskundig Seminarium
+ *      Vrije Universiteit
+ *      Postbox 7161
+ *      1007 MC Amsterdam
+ *      The Netherlands
+ *
+ */
+
+#include	<stdio.h>
+#include	<assert.h>
+#include	<signal.h>
+
+#define	LINSIZ	100
+
+int	sigs[] = {
+	SIGHUP,
+	SIGINT,
+	SIGQUIT,
+	SIGTERM,
+	0
+};
+
+char	*prog;
+char	line[LINSIZ];
+int	nlocals	= 0;
+int	nhol	= 0;
+int	nerrors	= 0;
+int	oknum	= 2;
+int	fflag	= 1;
+int	low	= 0;
+int	high	= 999;
+
+FILE	*file1;
+FILE	*file2;
+FILE	*file3;
+char	name1[] = "/usr/tmp/f1XXXXXX";
+char	name2[] = "/usr/tmp/f2XXXXXX";
+char	name3[] = "/usr/tmp/f3XXXXXX";
+
+stop() {
+	unlink(name1);
+	unlink(name2);
+	unlink(name3);
+	exit(nerrors);
+}
+
+main(argc,argv) char **argv; {
+	register *p;
+	register char *s;
+
+	prog = *argv++; --argc;
+	mktemp(name1);
+	mktemp(name2);
+	mktemp(name3);
+	for (p = sigs; *p; p++)
+		if (signal(*p, stop) == SIG_IGN)
+			signal(*p, SIG_IGN);
+	while (argc > 0 && argv[0][0] == '-') {
+		switch (argv[0][1]) {
+		case 'f':
+			fflag ^= 1;
+			break;
+		case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+		case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+			high = atoi(&argv[0][1]);
+			break;
+		default:
+			usage();
+			break;
+		}
+		argc--;
+		argv++;
+	}
+	if (argc > 0 && argv[0][0] >= '0' && argv[0][0] <= '9') {
+		s = argv[0];
+		do
+			low = low*10 + *s++ - '0';
+		while (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9');
+		if (*s == 0)
+			high = low;
+		else if (*s++ == '-') {
+			high = atoi(s);
+			if (high == 0)
+				high = 999;
+		} else
+			fatal("bad range %s", argv[0]);
+		argc--;
+		argv++;
+	}
+	if (argc > 1)
+		usage();
+	if (argc == 1 && freopen(argv[0], "r", stdin) == NULL)
+		fatal("cannot open %s", argv[0]);
+	if ((file1 = fopen(name1, "w")) == NULL)
+		fatal("cannot create %s", name1);
+	if ((file2 = fopen(name2, "w")) == NULL)
+		fatal("cannot create %s", name2);
+	if ((file3 = fopen(name3, "w")) == NULL)
+		fatal("cannot create %s", name3);
+	if (getline())
+		while (select())
+			;
+	fclose(file1);
+	fclose(file2);
+	fclose(file3);
+	combine();
+	stop();
+}
+
+select() {
+	register FILE *f;
+	int i;
+
+	if (sscanf(line, "TEST %d", &i) != 1)
+		fatal("bad test identification(%s)", line);
+	if (i < low || i > high) {
+		while (getline())
+			if (line[0] == 'T')
+				return(1);
+		return(0);
+	}
+	fprintf(file2, "; %s\n", line);
+	if (fflag) {
+		fprintf(file1, ".%03d\n", i);
+		fprintf(file1, " con \"tst%03d\"\n", i);
+		fprintf(file2, " fil .%03d\n", i);
+	}
+	f = file1;
+	while (getline()) {
+		switch (line[0]) {
+		case 'T':
+			return(1);
+		case 'M':
+			if (sscanf(line, "MAIN%d", &i) != 1 || i%4 != 0)
+				break;
+			if (i > nlocals)
+				nlocals = i;
+			f = file2;
+			continue;
+		case 'P':
+			if (strcmp(line, "PROC") != 0)
+				break;
+			f = file3;
+			continue;
+		case 'H':
+			if (f != file1 ||
+			    sscanf(line, "HOL%d", &i) != 1 ||
+			    i%4 != 0)
+				break;
+			if (i > nhol)
+				nhol = i;
+			continue;
+		case 'O':
+			if (strcmp(line, "OK") != 0)
+				break;
+			fprintf(f, " lin %d\n nop\n", oknum++);
+			continue;
+		case 'E':
+			if (f != file3 || strcmp(line, "ERRLAB") != 0)
+				break;
+			fprintf(f, "1\n lin 1\n nop\n loc 1\n loc 1\n mon\n");
+			continue;
+		default:
+			putline(f);
+			continue;
+		}
+		fatal("bad line (%s)", line);
+	}
+	return(0);
+}
+
+combine() {
+
+	printf("#define WS EM_WSIZE\n");
+	printf("#define PS EM_PSIZE\n");
+	printf("#include \"test.h\"\n");
+	printf(" mes 2,WS,PS\n");
+	printf(" mes 1\n");
+	printf(" mes 4,300\n");
+	if (nhol)
+		printf(" hol %d,0,0\n", nhol);
+	copy(name1);
+	printf(" exp $m_a_i_n\n");
+	printf(" pro $m_a_i_n,%d\n", nlocals);
+	printf(" loc 123\n");
+	printf(" loc -98\n");
+	copy(name2);
+	printf(" loc -98\n");
+	printf(" bne *1\n");
+	printf(" loc 123\n");
+	printf(" bne *1\n");
+	printf(" lin 0\n");
+	printf(" nop\n");
+	printf(" loc 0\n");
+	printf(" ret WS\n");
+	printf("1\n");
+	printf(" lin 1\n");
+	printf(" nop\n");
+	printf(" loc 1\n");
+	printf(" ret WS\n");
+	printf(" end\n");
+	copy(name3);
+}
+
+copy(s) char *s; {
+	if (freopen(s, "r", stdin) == NULL)
+		fatal("cannot reopen %s", s);
+	while (getline())
+		putline(stdout);
+}
+
+getline() {
+	register len;
+
+	if (fgets(line, LINSIZ, stdin) == NULL)
+		return(0);
+	len = strlen(line);
+	if (line[len-1] != '\n')
+		fatal("line too long(%s)", line);
+	line[len-1] = 0;
+	return(1);
+}
+
+putline(f) FILE *f; {
+	fprintf(f, "%s\n", line);
+}
+
+fatal(s, a1, a2, a3, a4) char *s; {
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", prog);
+	fprintf(stderr, s, a1, a2, a3, a4);
+	fprintf(stderr, " (fatal)\n");
+	nerrors++;
+	stop();
+}
+
+usage() {
+	fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s -f [[low]-[high]] [testcollection]\n", prog);
+	nerrors++;
+	stop();
+}

emtest/test.e

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#define WS EM_WSIZE
+#define PS EM_PSIZE
+#include "test.h"
+ mes 2,WS,PS
+ mes 1
+ mes 4,300
+.000
+ con "tst000"
+ exp $m_a_i_n
+ pro $m_a_i_n,0
+ loc 123
+ loc -98
+; TEST 000: empty
+ fil .000
+ loc -98
+ bne *1
+ loc 123
+ bne *1
+ lin 0
+ nop
+ loc 0
+ ret WS
+1
+ lin 1
+ nop
+ loc 1
+ ret WS
+ end

etc/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+d=..
+h=$d/h
+c=$d/util/data
+
+FILES= \
+$h/em_spec.h \
+$h/em_pseu.h \
+$h/em_mnem.h \
+$c/em_flag.c \
+$c/em_pseu.c \
+$c/em_mnem.c
+
+$(FILES):       em_table
+		new_table $h $c
+
+install:	$(FILES)
+
+opr:
+		make pr ^ opr
+pr:
+		@pr Makefile em_table new_table pop_push traps
+
+clean:
+		-rm -f *.old
+
+cmp :           # do nothing

etc/em_table

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+magic	173
+fmnem	1
+nmnem	149
+fpseu	150
+npseu	30
+filb0	180
+nilb0	60
+fcst0	0
+zcst0	120
+ncst0	240
+fspec	240
+nspec	16
+ilb1	240
+ilb2	241
+dlb1	242
+dlb2	243
+dnam	244
+cst2	245
+cst4	246
+cst8	247
+doff	248
+pnam	249
+scon	250
+icon	251
+ucon	252
+fcon	253
+cend	255
+
+bss	0
+con	1
+end	2
+exa	3
+exc	4
+exp	5
+hol	6
+ina	7
+inp	8
+mes	9
+pro	10
+rom	11
+
+aar	w-	-p-a-p+p
+adf	w-	-a-a+a
+adi	w-	-a-a+a
+adp	f-	-p+p
+ads	w-	-a-p+p
+adu	w-	-a-a+a
+and	w-	-a-a+a
+asp	f-	-a
+ass	w-	-a-x
+beq	bc	-w-w
+bge	bc	-w-w
+bgt	bc	-w-w
+ble	bc	-w-w
+blm	z-	-p-p
+bls	w-	-a-p-p
+blt	bc	-w-w
+bne	bc	-w-w
+bra	bt	0
+cai	-p	-p
+cal	pp	0
+cff	--	-w-w-y+x
+cfi	--	-w-w-y+x
+cfu	--	-w-w-y+x
+cif	--	-w-w-y+x
+cii	--	-w-w-y+x
+ciu	--	-w-w-y+x
+cmf	w-	-a-a+w
+cmi	w-	-a-a+w
+cmp	--	-p-p+w
+cms	w-	-a-a+w
+cmu	w-	-a-a+w
+com	w-	-a-a+a
+csa	wt	-p-a
+csb	wt	-p-a
+cuf	--	-w-w-y+x
+cui	--	-w-w-y+x
+cuu	--	-w-w-y+x
+dch	--	-p+p
+dec	--	-w+w
+dee	g-	0
+del	l-	0
+dup	s-	-a+a+a
+dus	w-	-a-x+x+x
+dvf	w-	-a-a+a
+dvi	w-	-a-a+a
+dvu	w-	-a-a+a
+exg	w-	-a-a+a+a
+fef	w-	-a+a+w
+fif	w-	-a-a+a+a
+fil	g-	0
+gto	gt	-p-?
+inc	--	-w+w
+ine	g-	0
+inl	l-	0
+inn	w-	-w-a+w
+ior	w-	-a-a+a
+lae	g-	+p
+lal	l-	+p
+lar	w-	-p-a-p+?
+ldc	d-	+d
+lde	g-	+d
+ldf	f-	-p+d
+ldl	l-	+d
+lfr	s-	+a
+lil	l-	+w
+lim	--	+w
+lin	n-	0
+lni	--	0
+loc	c-	+w
+loe	g-	+w
+lof	f-	-p+w
+loi	o-	-p+a
+lol	l-	+w
+lor	r-	+p
+los	w-	-a-p+x
+lpb	--	-p+p
+lpi	p-	+p
+lxa	n-	+p
+lxl	n-	+p
+mlf	w-	-a-a+a
+mli	w-	-a-a+a
+mlu	w-	-a-a+a
+mon	--	-?+?
+ngf	w-	-a+a
+ngi	w-	-a+a
+nop	--	0
+rck	w-	-p-a+a
+ret	zt	-a-?
+rmi	w-	-a-a+a
+rmu	w-	-a-a+a
+rol	w-	-w-a+a
+ror	w-	-w-a+a
+rtt	-t	-?
+sar	w-	-p-a-p-?
+sbf	w-	-a-a+a
+sbi	w-	-a-a+a
+sbs	w-	-p-p+a
+sbu	w-	-a-a+a
+sde	g-	-d
+sdf	f-	-p-d
+sdl	l-	-d
+set	w-	-w+a
+sig	--	-p-p+p+p
+sil	l-	-w
+sim	--	-w
+sli	w-	-w-a+a
+slu	w-	-w-a+a
+sri	w-	-w-a+a
+sru	w-	-w-a+a
+ste	g-	-w
+stf	f-	-p-w
+sti	o-	-p-a
+stl	l-	-w
+str	r-	-p
+sts	w-	-a-p-x
+teq	--	-w+w
+tge	--	-w+w
+tgt	--	-w+w
+tle	--	-w+w
+tlt	--	-w+w
+tne	--	-w+w
+trp	-p	-w+?
+xor	w-	-a-a+a
+zeq	bc	-w
+zer	w-	+a
+zge	bc	-w
+zgt	bc	-w
+zle	bc	-w
+zlt	bc	-w
+zne	bc	-w
+zre	g-	0
+zrf	w-	+a
+zrl	l-	0
+

etc/new_table

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+h=${1-.}
+d=${2-.}
+
+set `grep fpseu em_table`
+p=$2
+set `grep fmnem em_table`
+m=$2
+
+ed - em_table <<'A' > X
+1,/^$/g/	/s// /gp
+A
+
+ed - em_table <<'A' | awk '{print $1,$2+'$p'}' > Y
+1,/^$/d
+1,/^$/g/	/s// /gp
+A
+
+ed - em_table <<'A' | awk '{print $0,'$m'+i++}' > Z
+1,/^$/d
+1,/^$/d
+1,/^$/g/	/s// /gp
+A
+
+i=`wc -l <Y`
+echo 'lpseu' `expr $i + $p - 1` >>X
+i=`wc -l <Z`
+echo 'lmnem' `expr $i + $m - 1` >>X
+
+ed - X <<'A' > $h/em_spec.h
+g/^/s//#define sp_/p
+A
+
+ed - Y <<'A' > $h/em_pseu.h
+g/\(.*\) \(.*\)/s//#define ps_\1 \2/p
+A
+
+ed - Z <<'A' > $h/em_mnem.h
+g/ .* /s// /
+g/\(.*\) \(.*\)/s//#define op_\1 \2/p
+A
+
+(
+echo 'char em_pseu[][4] = {'
+ed - Y <<'A'
+g/\(...\).*/s//	"\1",/p
+A
+echo '};'
+) > $d/em_pseu.c
+
+(
+echo 'char em_mnem[][4] = {'
+ed - Z <<'A'
+g/\(...\).*/s//	"\1",/p
+A
+echo '};'
+) > $d/em_mnem.c
+
+(
+echo '#include	<em_flag.h>
+char em_flag[] = {'
+ed - Z <<'A' | tr a-z A-Z
+g/^... /s///
+g/ .*/s///
+g/\(.\)\(.\)/s//PAR_\1 | FLO_\2/
+g/-/s//NO/g
+g/.*/s//	&,/p
+A
+echo '};'
+) > $d/em_flag.c
+
+rm X Y Z

etc/pc_errors

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+non-standard feature used
+identifier '%s' declared twice
+end of file encountered
+bad line directive
+unsigned real: digit of fraction expected
+unsigned real: digit of exponent expected
+unsigned real: too many digits (>72)
+unsigned integer: too many digits (>72)
+unsigned integer: overflow (>32767)
+string constant: must not exceed one line
+string constant: at least one character expected
+string constant: double quotes not allowed (see c option)
+string constant: too long (>72 chars)
+bad character
+identifier '%s' not declared
+location counter overflow: arrays too big
+location counter overflow: arrays too big
+arraysize too big
+variable '%s' never used
+variable '%s' never assigned
+the files contained in '%s' are not closed automatically
+constant expected
+constant: only integers and reals may be signed
+constant: out of bounds
+simple type expected
+enumerated type: element identifier expected
+enumerated type: ',' or ')' expected
+enumerated type: ',' expected
+enumerated type: ')' expected
+subrange type: type must be scalar, but not real
+subrange type: '..' expected
+subrange type: type of lower and upper bound incompatible
+subrange type: lower bound exceeds upper bound
+array type: '[' expected
+conformant array: low bound identifier expected
+conformant array: '..' expected
+conformant array: high bound identifier expected
+conformant array: ':' expected
+conformant array: index type identifier expected
+array type: index type not bounded
+array type: index separator or ']' expected
+array type: index separator expected
+array type: ']' expected
+array type: 'of' expected
+record variant part: tag type identifier expected
+record variant part: tag type identifier expected
+record variant part: type must be bounded
+record variant part: 'of' expected
+record variant: type of case label and tag incompatible
+record variant: multiple defined case label
+record variant: ',' or ':' expected
+record variant: ',' expected
+record variant: ':' expected
+record variant: '(' expected
+record variant: ')' expected
+record variant part: ';' or end of variant list expected
+record variant part: ';' expected
+record variant part: end of variant list expected
+record variant part: there must be a variant for each tag value
+field list: record section expected
+record section: field identifier expected
+record section: ',' or ':' expected
+record section: ',' expected
+record section: ':' expected
+field list: ';' or end of record section list expected
+field list: ';' expected
+field list: end of record section list expected
+type expected
+type: simple and pointer type may not be packed
+pointer type: type identifier expected
+pointer type: type identifier expected
+record type: 'end' expected
+set type: 'of' expected
+set type: too many elements in set
+set type: bad subrange of integer
+set of integer: the i option dictates the number of bits (default 16)
+set type: base type not bounded
+file type: 'of' expected
+file type: files within files not allowed
+var parameter: type identifier or conformant array expected
+var parameter: type identifier expected
+label declaration: unsigned integer expected
+label declaration: label '%i' multiple declared
+label declaration: ',' or ';' expected
+label declaration: ',' expected
+label declaration: ';' expected
+const declaration: constant identifier expected
+const declaration: '=' expected
+const declaration: ';' expected
+const declaration: constant identifier or 'type', 'var', 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+type declaration: type identifier expected
+type declaration: '=' expected
+type declaration: ';' expected
+type declaration: type identifier or 'var', 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+var declaration: var identifier expected
+var declaration: ',' or ':' expected
+var declaration: ',' expected
+var declaration: ':' expected
+var declaration: ';' expected
+var declaration: var identifier or 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+parameter list: 'var','procedure','function' or identifier expected
+parameter list: parameter identifier expected
+parameter list: ',' or ':' expected
+parameter list: ',' expected
+parameter list: ':' expected
+parameter list: type identifier expected
+parameter list: ';' or ')' expected
+parameter list: ';' expected
+proc/func declaration: proc/func identifier expected
+proc/func declaration: previous declaration of '%s' was not forward
+proc/func declaration: parameter list expected
+parameterlist: ')' expected
+func declaration: ':' expected
+func declaration: result type identifier expected
+func declaration: result type must be scalar, subrange or pointer
+proc/func declaration: ';' expected
+proc/func declaration: block or directive expected
+proc/func declaration: '%s' unknown directive
+proc/func declaration: '%s' again forward declared
+proc/func declaration: ';' expected
+indexed variable: '[' only allowed following array variables
+indexed variable: index type not compatible with declaration
+indexed variable: ',' or ']' expected
+indexed variable: ',' expected
+assignment: standard function not allowed as destination
+assignment: cannot store the function result
+assignment: formal parameter function not allowed as destination
+assignment: function identifier may not be de-referenced
+variable: '[', '.', '^' or end of variable expected
+indexed variable: ']' expected
+field designator: field identifier expected
+field designator: '.' only allowed following record variables
+field designator: no field '%s' in this record
+referenced variable: '^' not allowed following zero-terminated strings
+referenced variable: '^' only allowed following pointer or file variables
+variable: var or field identifier expected
+call: too many actual parameters supplied
+call: proc/func identifier expected
+call: standard proc/func may not be used as parameter
+call: parameter lists of actual and formal proc/func incompatible
+call: type of actual and formal value parameter not compatible
+call: array parameter not conformable
+call: type of actual and formal variable parameter not similar
+call: packed elements not allowed as variable parameter
+call: ',' or ')' expected
+call: too few actual parameters supplied
+read(ln): type must be integer, char or real
+write(ln): type must be integer, char, real, string or boolean
+write(ln): ':', ',' or ')' expected
+write(ln): field width must be integer
+write(ln): ':', ',' or ')' expected
+write(ln): precision must be integer
+write(ln): precision may only be specified for reals
+read/write: too few actual parameters supplied
+read/write: standard input/output not mentioned in program heading
+read/write: ',' or ')' expected
+read/write: type of parameter not the same as that of the file elements
+read/write: parameter list expected
+readln/writeln: standard input/output not mentioned in program heading
+readln/writeln: only allowed on text files
+new/dispose: C-type strings not allowed here
+new/dispose: ',' or ')' expected
+new/dispose: too many actual parameters supplied
+new/dispose: type of tagfield value is incompatible with declaration
+call: '(' or end of call expected
+standard proc/func: parameter list expected
+standard input/output not mentioned in program heading
+file variable expected
+pointer variable expected
+pack: ',' expected
+pack: ',' expected
+unpack: ',' expected
+unpack: ',' expected
+standard proc/func: parameter type incompatible with specification
+eoln/page: text file variable expected
+pack/unpack: array types are incompatible
+pack/unpack: only for arrays
+abs: integer or real expected
+sqr: integer or real expected
+ord: type must be scalar or subrange, but not real
+pred/succ: type must be scalar or subrange, but not real
+trunc/round: real argument required
+call: ')' expected
+expression: left and right operand are incompatible
+set: incompatible elements
+set: base type must be bounded or of type integer
+set: base type upper bound exceeds maximum set element number
+set: element out of range
+set: ']' or element list expected
+set: '..', ',' or ']' expected
+set: ',' or ']' expected
+set: ',' expected
+factor expected
+factor: ')' expected
+factor: type of factor must be boolean
+set: ']' expected
+term: multiplying operator or end of term expected
+term: '*' only defined for integers, reals and sets
+term: '/' only defined for integers and reals
+term: 'div' only defined for integers
+term: 'mod' only defined for integers
+term: 'and' only defined for booleans
+simple expression: only integers and reals may be signed
+simple expression: adding operator or end of simple expression expected
+simple expression: '+' only defined for integers, reals and sets
+simple expression: '-' only defined for integers, reals and sets
+simple expression: 'or' only defined for booleans
+expression: relational operator or end of expression expected
+expression: set expected
+expression: left operand of 'in' not compatible with base type of right operand
+expression: only '=' and '<>' allowed on pointers
+expression: '<' and '>' not allowed on sets
+expression: comparison of arrays only allowed for strings
+expression: comparison of records not allowed
+expression: comparison of files not allowed
+assignment: ':=' expected
+assignment: left and right hand side incompatible
+goto statement: unsigned integer expected
+goto statement: label '%i' not declared
+if statement: type of expression must be boolean
+if statement: 'then' expected
+if statement: 'else' or end of if statement expected
+case statement: type must be scalar or subrange, but not real
+case statement: 'of' expected
+case statement: incompatible case label
+case statement: multiple defined case label
+case statement: ',' or ':' expected
+case statement: ',' expected
+case statement: ':' expected
+case statement: ';' or 'end' expected
+case statement: ';' expected
+case statement: 'end' expected
+repeat statement: ';' or 'until' expected
+repeat statement: ';' expected
+repeat statement: 'until' expected
+repeat statement: type of expression must be boolean
+while statement: type of expression must be boolean
+while statement: 'do' expected
+for statement: type of bound and control variable incompatible
+for statement: control variable expected
+for statement: control variable must be local
+for statement: type must be scalar or subrange, but not real
+for statement: ':=' expected
+for statement: 'to' or 'downto' expected
+for statement: upper bound not assignment compatible
+for statement: 'do' expected
+with statement: record variable expected
+with statement: ',' or 'do' expected
+with statement: ',' expected
+with statement: 'do' expected
+assertion: type of expression must be boolean
+statement expected
+label '%i' not declared
+label '%i' multiple defined
+statement: ':' expected
+unlabeled statement expected
+compound statement: ';' or 'end' expected
+compound statement: ';' expected
+compound statement: 'end' expected
+case statement: 'end' expected
+body: ';' or 'end' expected
+body: ';' expected
+body: label '%i' declared, but never defined
+program parameter '%s' not declared
+function '%s' never assigned
+block: declaration or body expected
+block: 'const', 'type', 'var', 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+block: 'type', 'var', 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+block: 'var', 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+block: 'procedure', 'function' or 'begin' expected
+block: unsatisfied forward proc/func declaration(s)
+block: 'begin' expected
+block: 'end' expected
+program heading: 'program' expected
+program heading: program identifier expected
+program heading: file identifier list expected
+program heading: file identifier expected
+program heading: ',' or ')' expected
+program heading: ',' expected
+program heading: maximum number of file arguments exceeded (12)
+program heading: ')' expected
+program heading: ';' expected
+program: '.' expected
+'program' expected
+module: 'const', 'type', 'var', 'procedure' or 'function' expected
+module: 'type', 'var', 'procedure' or 'function' expected
+module: 'var', 'procedure' or 'function' expected
+module: 'procedure' or 'function' expected
+garbage at end of program

etc/pc_rt_errors

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+array bound error
+range bound error
+set bound error
+integer overflow
+real overflow
+real underflow
+divide by 0
+divide by 0.0
+undefined integer
+real undefined
+conversion error
+error 11
+error 12
+error 13
+error 14
+error 15
+stack overflow
+heap error
+illegal instruction
+odd or zero byte count
+case error
+memory fault
+bad pointer
+bad program counter
+bad external address
+bad monitor call
+bad line number
+error 27
+error 28
+error 29
+error 30
+error 31
+error 32
+error 33
+error 34
+error 35
+error 36
+error 37
+error 38
+error 39
+error 40
+error 41
+error 42
+error 43
+error 44
+error 45
+error 46
+error 47
+error 48
+error 49
+error 50
+error 51
+error 52
+error 53
+error 54
+error 55
+error 56
+error 57
+error 58
+error 59
+error 60
+error 61
+error 62
+error 63
+more args expected
+error in exp
+error in ln
+error in sqrt
+assertion failed
+array bound error in pack
+array bound error in unpack
+only positive j in 'i mod j'
+file not yet open
+dispose error
+error 74
+error 75
+error 76
+error 77
+error 78
+error 79
+error 80
+error 81
+error 82
+error 83
+error 84
+error 85
+error 86
+error 87
+error 88
+error 89
+error 90
+error 91
+error 92
+error 93
+error 94
+error 95
+not writable
+not readable
+end of file
+truncated
+reset error
+rewrite error
+close error
+read error
+write error
+digit expected
+non-ASCII char read

etc/pop_push

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+description of third column of em_table:
+
+	-: pop item indicated by next character
+	+: push item indicated by next character
+	0: no effect on the stack
+
+characters describing items:
+
+	w: target machine word (1, 2 or 4)
+	d: double target machine word (2, 4 or 8)
+	p: target machine address
+	a: item with size specified in argument
+	x: item with size specified by top item of stack
+	y: item with size specified by second item on stack
+	?: one or more items of unknown size

etc/traps

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+~ Array bound error
+~ Range bound error
+~ Set bound error
+~ Integer overflow
+~ Floating overflow
+~ Floating underflow
+~ Divide by 0
+~ Divide by 0.0
+~ Integer undefined
+~ Floating undefined
+~ Conversion error
+
+
+
+
+
+* Stack overflow
+* Heap overflow
+* Illegal instruction
+* Illegal odd or zero argument
+* Case error
+* Addressing non existent memory
+* Bad pointer used
+* Program counter out of range
+* Bad argument of LAE
+* Bad monitor call
+* Argument of LIN too high
+* Bad GTO descriptor

first/ckpath

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+rm -f ../bin/x_tpath x_tpath
+echo "echo $$" >../bin/x_tpath
+rm -f x_tpath
+chmod +x ../bin/x_tpath
+case x`(x_tpath) 2>/dev/null`
+in
+x$$)	
+	STAT=0 ;;
+x)
+	(cd ../bin ; echo Sorry, `pwd` is not in your shell PATH" ($PATH)")
+	STAT=1 ;;
+*)
+	echo "Sorry, there is something wrong with your PATH ($PATH)" ;;
+esac
+echo "echo l_$$" >x_tpath
+chmod +x x_tpath
+case x`(x_tpath) 2>/dev/null`
+in
+xl_$$)
+	;;
+x)
+	(cd ../bin ; echo Sorry, . is not in your shell PATH" ($PATH)")
+	STAT=2 ;;
+x$$)	
+	echo Sorry, . is not in your PATH" ($PATH)" or after the ACK bin directory
+	STAT=3 ;;
+*)
+	echo "Sorry, there is something wrong with your PATH ($PATH)"
+	STAT=4 ;;
+esac
+rm -f ../bin/x_tpath x_tpath
+exit $STAT

first/did_first

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+if (ack_sys ) >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	exit 0
+else
+	echo "You need to run 'first' first"
+	exit 1
+fi

first/em_path.h.src

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 /* Access to the ACK tree and parts thereof */
 #define EM_DIR		"/usr/em"	/* The root directory for EM stuff */
 #define RTERR_PATH	"etc/pc_rt_errors"
-#define ACK_PATH	"lib/ack"
+#define ACK_PATH	"lib/descr"

first/first

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+: check $PATH first
+if sh ckpath
+then :
+else
+	exit 1
+fi
+: check write-ability of /tmp and /usr/tmp
+if ( >/usr/tmp/aaax.$$ )
+then
+	rm /usr/tmp/aaax.$$
+else
+	echo /usr/tmp must exist and be writable.
+	exit 2
+fi
+if ( >/tmp/aaax.$$ )
+then
+	rm /tmp/aaax.$$
+else
+	echo /tmp must exist and be writable.
+	exit 2
+fi
+: set ACK HOME Directory in ../h/em_path.h
+rm -f em_path.h
+sed -e "/^#define[ 	]*EM_DIR/s@\".*\"@\"`cd .. ; pwd`\"@" <../h/em_path.h >em_path.h
+if cmp ../h/em_path.h em_path.h >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	: Don't touch ../h/em_path.h, it's already correct
+else
+	rm -f ../h/em_path.h
+	if mv em_path.h ../h >/dev/null 2>&1
+	then : success
+	else
+		echo "Sorry, can't replace ../h/em_path.h"
+		exit 7
+	fi
+fi
+: remove non-system as and ld from descr files
+if (ack_sys) >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+	: echo Your system is: `ack_sys`.
+else
+	echo -n "Give me the type of your system, the current choice is:
+pdp_v7		PDP11 with sep I/D and version 7
+vax_bsd4_1a	VAX11 with BSD4.1a
+vax_bsd4_1c	VAX11 with BSD4.1c
+vax_bsd4_2	VAX11 with BSD4.2
+pc_ix		IBM PC with PC/IX
+m68_unisoft	Motorola 68000 with Unisoft UNIX
+ANY		Neither of the above
+
+system type: "
+	if read SYSNAME
+	then
+		echo echo "$SYSNAME" >../bin/ack_sys
+		chmod +x ../bin/ack_sys
+		case `ack_sys` in
+		pdp_v7|vax_bsd4_1[ac]|vax_bsd4_2|pc_ix|m68_unisoft) ;;
+		*)	echo None of the software especially intended for the named systems will work ;;
+		esac
+	else
+		echo Sorry, got EOF when reading system name.
+		exit 8
+	fi
+fi
+echo -n "Your system is `ack_sys`, are you satisfied with that? (y/n) "
+if read YESNO
+then
+	case $YESNO in
+	j*|y*)	;;
+	n*)	echo Ok, I will give you another chance....
+		rm -f ../bin/ack_sys
+		exec sh $0
+		;;
+	*)	echo "I do not understand your answer ($YESNO). Bye"
+		exit 9
+		;;
+	esac
+else
+	echo Sorry, got EOF when reading your answer.
+	exit 9
+fi
+: "Take action according to the system used"
+: 'Prevent the use of the system assembler on for certain systems'
+case `ack_sys` in
+vax_bsd*)	RMD=pdp ;;
+pdp_*)		RMD="vax2 vax4" ;;
+*)		RMD="pdp vax2 vax4" ;;
+esac
+for i in $RMD
+do
+(	cd ../lib/$i
+	if grep '^name as$' descr >/dev/null 2>&1
+		then
+cp descr descr.orig
+ed - descr <<'ABC'
+/^name as$/;/^end$/d
+/^name ld$/;/^end$/d
+w
+q
+ABC
+	fi
+)
+done
+: 'Set the default machine in ../h/local.h'
+case `ack_sys` in
+pdp_v7)		ACM=pdp ;;
+vax_bsd4_1[ac]) ACM=vax2 ;;
+vax_bsd4_2)	ACM=vax2 ;;
+pc_ix)		ACM=ix ;;
+m68_unisoft)	ACM=m68k2 ;;
+*)		ACM=m68k2 ;;
+esac
+rm -f local.h
+sed /ACKM/s/'".*"'/'"'$ACM'"'/ <../h/local.h >local.h
+if cmp -s ../h/local.h local.h
+then :
+else
+	cp local.h ../h
+	rm -f local.h
+fi
+echo "Your default machine to compile for is $ACM"
+case `ack_sys` in
+vax_bsd4_*)
+	echo 'Installing the include directory in lib/vax2'
+	( cd ../lib/vax2 ; sh fetch_inc )
+	echo Done
+	case `ack_sys` in
+	vax_bsd4_1a)	VERS=BSD41a ;;
+	vax_bsd4_1c)	VERS=BSD41c ;;
+	vax_bsd4_2)	VERS=BSD42 ;;
+	*)		echo "Unknown VAX BSD version, look at mach/vax[24]/libem"
+			break ;;
+	esac
+	for i in vax2 vax4
+	do (
+		cd ../mach/$i/libem
+		ed - system.h <<ABC
+g/^#/s/.*/\/* & *\//
+/$VERS/s/^.*#/#/
+/$VERS/s/*\/.*$//
+w
+q
+ABC
+	) done
+	echo 'mach/vax[24]/libem/system.h reflects your BSD version.'
+esac

first/local.h.src

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 #	define	VERSION		3	/* 16 bits number */
 
 /* The default machine used by ack, acc, apc */
-#	define	ACKM		"vax2"
+#	define	ACKM		"pdp"

h/bc_string.h

@@ -12,4 +12,6 @@ typedef struct{
 	int	strlength;
 	} String;
 
+String *_newstr() ;
+
 #define MAXSTRING 1024

h/cgg_cg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/* $Header$ */
+
+/* offsets of interesting fields in EM-pattern */
+
+#define PO_HASH         0
+#define PO_NEXT         1
+#define PO_MATCH        3
+
+#define ILLHASH 0177777
+
+
+/* Commands for codegenerator, in low order 5 bits of byte */
+
+#define DO_NEXTEM       0
+#define DO_MATCH        1
+#define DO_XMATCH	2
+#define DO_XXMATCH	3
+#define DO_REMOVE       4
+#define DO_DEALLOCATE   5
+#define DO_REALLOCATE   6
+#define DO_ALLOCATE     7
+#define DO_MOVE         10
+#define DO_ERASE        11
+#define DO_TOKREPLACE   12
+#define DO_EMREPLACE    13
+#define DO_COST         14
+#define DO_RETURN       15
+#define DO_COERC        16
+#define DO_PRETURN	17
+#define DO_RREMOVE	18
+#define DO_INSTR	19
+#define DO_TEST		20
+#define DO_DLINE	21
+#define DO_SETCC	22
+
+#ifndef MAXATT
+#define MAXATT TOKENSIZE
+#endif
+
+typedef struct instance {
+	short in_which;
+#               define IN_COPY          1
+#		define IN_MEMB		2
+#               define IN_RIDENT        3
+#               define IN_ALLOC         4
+#               define IN_DESCR         5
+#               define IN_S_DESCR       6
+#               define IN_D_DESCR       7
+	short in_info[MAXATT+1];
+} inst_t,*inst_p;
+
+typedef struct set {
+	short set_size;
+	short set_val[SETSIZE];
+} set_t,*set_p;
+
+typedef struct {
+	short m_set1;           /* number of tokenexpr in move: from */
+	short m_expr1;          /* optional expression */
+	short m_set2;           /* number of tokenexpr in move: to */
+	short m_expr2;          /* optional expression */
+	short m_cindex;         /* code index to really do it */
+} move_t, *move_p;
+
+typedef struct {
+	short t_set;		/* number of tokenexpr in test */
+	short t_expr;		/* optional expression */
+	short t_cindex;		/* code index to really do it */
+} test_t, *test_p;
+
+struct exprnode {
+	short ex_operator;
+	short ex_lnode;
+	short ex_rnode;
+};
+typedef struct exprnode node_t;
+typedef struct exprnode *node_p;
+
+/*
+ * contents of .ex_operator
+ */
+
+#define EX_TOKFIELD     0
+#define EX_ARG          1
+#define EX_CON          2
+#define EX_ALLREG       3
+#define EX_SAMESIGN     4
+#define EX_SFIT         5
+#define EX_UFIT         6
+#define EX_ROM          7
+#define EX_NCPEQ        8
+#define EX_SCPEQ        9
+#define EX_RCPEQ        10
+#define EX_NCPNE        11
+#define EX_SCPNE        12
+#define EX_RCPNE        13
+#define EX_NCPGT        14
+#define EX_NCPGE        15
+#define EX_NCPLT        16
+#define EX_NCPLE        17
+#define EX_OR2          18
+#define EX_AND2         19
+#define EX_PLUS         20
+#define EX_CAT          21
+#define EX_MINUS        22
+#define EX_TIMES        23
+#define EX_DIVIDE       24
+#define EX_MOD          25
+#define EX_LSHIFT       26
+#define EX_RSHIFT       27
+#define EX_NOT          28
+#define EX_COMP         29
+#define EX_STRING       31
+#define EX_DEFINED      32
+#define EX_SUBREG       33
+#define EX_TOSTRING     34
+#define EX_UMINUS       35
+#define EX_REG          36
+#define EX_LOWW		37
+#define EX_HIGHW	38
+#define EX_INREG	39
+#define EX_REGVAR	40
+
+
+typedef struct {        /* to stack coercions */
+	short c1_texpno;        /* token expression number */
+	short c1_expr;		/* boolean expression */
+	short c1_prop;		/* property of register needed */
+	short c1_codep;         /* code index */
+} c1_t,*c1_p;
+
+#ifdef MAXSPLIT
+typedef struct {        /* splitting coercions */
+	short c2_texpno;        /* token expression number */
+	short c2_expr;		/* optional boolean expression */
+	short c2_nsplit;        /* split factor */
+	short c2_repl[MAXSPLIT];/* replacement instances */
+	short c2_codep;         /* code index */
+} c2_t,*c2_p;
+#endif MAXSPLIT
+
+typedef struct {        /* one to one coercions */
+	short c3_texpno;        /* token expression number */
+	short c3_expr;		/* boolean expression */
+	short c3_prop;          /* property of register needed */
+	short c3_repl;          /* replacement instance */
+	short c3_codep;         /* code index */
+} c3_t,*c3_p;
+
+
+#define getint(a,b) \
+	if ((a=((*(b)++)&BMASK)) >= 128) {\
+		a = ((a-128)<<BSHIFT) | (*(b)++&BMASK); \
+	}

include/_tail_mon/signal.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#define NSIG 17
+
+#define	SIGHUP	1	/* hangup */
+#define	SIGINT	2	/* interrupt */
+#define	SIGQUIT	3	/* quit */
+#define	SIGILL	4	/* illegal instruction (not reset when caught) */
+#define	SIGTRAP	5	/* trace trap (not reset when caught) */
+#define	SIGIOT	6	/* IOT instruction */
+#define	SIGEMT	7	/* EMT instruction */
+#define	SIGFPE	8	/* floating point exception */
+#define	SIGKILL	9	/* kill (cannot be caught or ignored) */
+#define	SIGBUS	10	/* bus error */
+#define	SIGSEGV	11	/* segmentation violation */
+#define	SIGSYS	12	/* bad argument to system call */
+#define	SIGPIPE	13	/* write on a pipe with no one to read it */
+#define	SIGALRM	14	/* alarm clock */
+#define	SIGTERM	15	/* software termination signal from kill */
+
+int	(*signal())();
+#define	SIG_DFL	(int (*)())0
+#define	SIG_IGN	(int (*)())1

lang/basic/lib/LIST

@@ -3,32 +3,32 @@ abs.c
 asc.c
 asrt.c
 atn.c
-conversion.c
-error.c
-file.c
-hlt.c
-print.c
-read.c
-return.c
-salloc.c
-string.c
-trap.c
-write.c
 chr.c
+conversion.c
+hlt.c
+mki.c
+oct.c
+peek.c
 power.c
-io.c
 exp.c
 log.c
-sin.c
-sqt.c
-sgn.c
+print.c
+io.c
 random.c
-mki.c
-peek.c
-trace.c
-swap.c
-fef.e
+read.c
+return.c
+sgn.c
+sin.c
 fif.e
-oct.c
-setline.e
+sqt.c
+fef.e
 stop.c
+string.c
+salloc.c
+swap.c
+trace.c
+write.c
+file.c
+error.c
+trap.c
+setline.e

lang/basic/lib/abs.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 long _abl(i) long i;
 {

lang/basic/lib/asc.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 int _asc(str)
 String *str;

lang/basic/lib/asrt.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 asrt(b)
 {

lang/basic/lib/atn.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Author: J.W. Stevenson */
 

lang/basic/lib/chr.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 String *_chr(i)
 int i;
@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ int i;
 		error(3);
 	buf[0]=i;
 	buf[1]=0;
-	s= (String *) _newstr(buf);
+	s= _newstr(buf);
 	return(s);
 }

lang/basic/lib/conversion.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 int _cint(f) double f;
 {

lang/basic/lib/error.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* error takes an error value in the range of 0-255 */
 /* and generates a trap */

lang/basic/lib/exp.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Author: J.W. Stevenson */
 

lang/basic/lib/file.c

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include "io.h"
+#include "bc_io.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 Filedesc	_fdtable[16];
 /* BASIC file descriptor table */
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int	_chann		= -1;
 FILE	*_chanrd	= stdin;
 FILE	*_chanwr	= stdout;
 
-_setchannel(index)
+_setchan(index)
 int index;
 {
 #ifdef DEBUG

lang/basic/lib/hlt.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 _hlt(nr)
 int nr;

lang/basic/lib/io.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include "io.h"
+#include "bc_io.h"
 #include <sgtty.h>
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 struct sgttyb _ttydef;
 
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ _zone()
 _in(buf)
 char *buf;
 {
+	register int holder ;
 	char *c;
 	int pos;
 	if( _chann == -1)
@@ -69,8 +70,9 @@ char *buf;
 		stty(0,_ttydef);
 	}else pos= _fdtable[_chann].pos;
 	c= buf;
-	while( (*c = fgetc(_chanrd)) != EOF && *c != '\n'){
-		if( _chann == -1) putchar(*c);
+	while( (holder = fgetc(_chanrd)) != EOF && holder != '\n'){
+		*c= holder ;
+		if( _chann == -1) putchar(holder);
 		c++; pos++;
 	}
 	*c= 0;

lang/basic/lib/log.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Author: J.W. Stevenson */
 

lang/basic/lib/mki.c

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 String *_mki(i)
-int i;
+long i;
 {
-	char *buffer ="  ";
+	char *buffer ="    ";
 	String *s;
 
-	s= (String *) _newstr(buffer);
-	strncpy(s->strval,&i,2);
+	s= _newstr(buffer);
+	* ( (long *)s->strval ) = i ;
 	return(s);
 }
 String *_mkd(d)
@@ -18,20 +18,17 @@ double d;
 	char *buffer ="        ";
 	String *s;
 
-	s= (String *) _newstr(buffer);
-	strncpy(s->strval,&d,8);
+	s= _newstr(buffer);
+	* ( (double *)s->strval ) = d ;
 	return(s);
 }
-_cvi(s)
+long _cvi(s)
 String *s;
 {
-	int i;
-	strncpy(&i,s->strval,2);
-	return(i);
+	return *( (long *) s->strval) ;
 }
 double _cvd(s)
 String *s;
 {
-	double d;
-	strncpy(&d,s->strval,8);
+	return *( (double *) s->strval) ;
 }

lang/basic/lib/oct.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 String *_oct(i)
 int i;

lang/basic/lib/peek.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 int peek(addr)
 int addr;

lang/basic/lib/power.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /*
 	computes a^b.

lang/basic/lib/print.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include "string.h"
-#include "io.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
+#include "bc_io.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Here all routine to generate terminal oriented output is located */
 

lang/basic/lib/random.c

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
-_randomize()
+_randomi()
 {
 	int i;
 	double f;
-	_setchannel(-1);
+	_setchan(-1);
 	printf("Random number seed (-32768 to 32767) ? ");
 	_readint(&i);
 	f=i;
-	_setrandom(f);
+	_setrand(f);
 }
 
-_setrandom(f)
+_setrand(f)
 double f;
 {
 	int i;

lang/basic/lib/read.c

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-#include "string.h"
-#include "io.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
+#include "bc_io.h"
 #include <ctype.h>
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 _readln()
 {
-	char c;
+	register int c;
 	while( (c=fgetc(_chanrd)) != EOF && c!= '\n')
 		;
 }
 
 readskip()
 {
-	char c;
+	register int c;
 #ifdef DEBUG
 	printf("readskip\n");
 #endif
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ _readstr(s)
 String **s;
 {
 	char buffer[1024];
+	register int kar ;
 	char *c;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG
@@ -80,17 +81,18 @@ String **s;
 #endif
 	_asschn();
 	c= buffer;
-	*c= fgetc(_chanrd); 
-	while(isspace(*c) && *c!= EOF) 
-		*c= fgetc(_chanrd);
-	if( *c== '"')
+	kar= fgetc(_chanrd); 
+	while(isspace(kar) && kar!= EOF) 
+		kar= fgetc(_chanrd);
+	*c=kar ;
+	if( kar== '"')
 	{
 		/* read quoted string */
 #ifdef DEBUG
 		printf("qouted string\n");
 #endif
-		while( (*c= fgetc(_chanrd)) != '"' && *c!= EOF ) c++;
-		ungetc(*c,_chanrd);
+		while ( (kar= fgetc(_chanrd)) != EOF && kar!='"' ) *c++ = kar ;
+		ungetc(kar,_chanrd);
 		*c=0;
 	}else
 	if( isalpha(*c))
@@ -100,10 +102,10 @@ String **s;
 #ifdef DEBUG
 		printf("non-qouted string\n");
 #endif
-		while( (*c= fgetc(_chanrd)) != ',' && *c!= EOF &&
-		       !isspace(*c) && *c!='\n') 
-		       c++;
-		ungetc(*c,_chanrd);
+		while( (kar= fgetc(_chanrd)) != ',' && kar!= EOF &&
+		       !isspace(kar) && kar!='\n') 
+		       *c++= kar ;
+		ungetc(kar,_chanrd);
 		*c=0;
 	}else{
 		if( ferror(_chanrd)) error(29);
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ String **s;
 	*s= (String *) _newstr(buffer);
 }
 
-extern int _seektable[];
+extern int _seektab[];
 
 _restore(line)
 int line;
@@ -141,9 +143,9 @@ int line;
 	if( line)
 	{
 		/* search number of lines to skip */
-		for(nr=0; _seektable[nr] && _seektable[nr]< line; nr+=2) 
+		for(nr=0; _seektab[nr] && _seektab[nr]< line; nr+=2) 
 #ifdef DEBUG
-		printf("test %d %d\n",_seektable[nr], _seektable[nr+1]);
+		printf("test %d %d\n",_seektab[nr], _seektab[nr+1]);
 #endif
 		;
 		nr /= 2;

lang/basic/lib/return.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 #define MAXNESTING	1000
 

lang/basic/lib/salloc.c

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
+
+extern char *malloc() ;
 
 char * salloc(length)
-int length;
+unsigned length;
 {
 	char *c, *s;
-	c= (char *) malloc(length);
-	if( c== (char *) -1) error(5);
+	c= malloc(length);
+	if( !c ) error(5);
 	for(s=c;s<c+length;s++) *s = 0;
 	return(c);
 }
@@ -13,6 +15,6 @@ int length;
 sfree(c)
 char *c;
 {
-	if( c== 0) return;
+	if( !c ) return;
 	free(c);
 }

lang/basic/lib/sgn.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 _sgn(v)
 double v;

lang/basic/lib/sin.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Author: J.W. Stevenson */
 

lang/basic/lib/sqt.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Author: J.W. Stevenson */
 

lang/basic/lib/stop.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 _stop()
 {

lang/basic/lib/string.c

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 #define ok(X)	if( X ==0) return;
 #define okr(X)	if( X ==0) return(0);
 
+extern char *salloc() ;
+
 _len(str)
 String *str;
 {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ char *str;
 	s= (String *) salloc(sizeof(String));
 	s->strcount=1;
 	s->strlength= strlen(str);
-	s->strval= (char *) salloc(s->strlength+1);
+	s->strval= salloc(s->strlength+1);
 	strcpy(s->strval,str);
 	return(s);
 }
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ _decstr(str)
 String *str;
 {
 	ok(str);
+	/* Strings in ROM are initialized with this count */
+	if ( str->strcount==9999 ) return ;
 	str->strcount--;
 	if(str->strcount<=0) _delstr(str);
 }
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ String *src;
 {
 	ok(src);
 	sfree(src->strval);
-	sfree(src);
+	sfree((char *)src);
 }
 String *_concat(s1,s2)
 String *s1,*s2;
@@ -61,12 +65,12 @@ String *s1,*s2;
 	okr(s1); okr(s2);
 	s= (String *) salloc(sizeof(String));
 	length= _len(s1)+_len(s2)+1;
-	s->strval= (char *) salloc(length);
+	s->strval= salloc(length);
 	strcpy(s->strval,s2->strval);
 	strcat(s->strval,s1->strval);
 	return(s);
 }
-_strcompare(s1,s2)
+_strcomp(s1,s2)
 String *s1,*s2;
 {
 	okr(s1);okr(s2);
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ int	size;
 	okr(s);
 	if( size <0 || size >s->strlength) error(3);
 	ns= (String *) salloc(sizeof(String));
-	ns->strval= (char *) salloc(size+1);
+	ns->strval= salloc(size+1);
 	ns->strcount=1;
 	for(i=0; i<size && s->strval[i];i++)
 		ns->strval[i]= s->strval[i];
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ int d;
 	s= (String *) salloc(sizeof(String));
 	s->strlength= len;
 	s->strcount=1;
-	s->strval= (char *) salloc(len+1);
+	s->strval= salloc(len+1);
 	for(i=0;i<len;i++)
 		s->strval[i]= ' ';
 	s->strval[i]=0;
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ double	d,f;
 	s= (String *) salloc(sizeof(String));
 	s->strlength= i;
 	s->strcount=1;
-	s->strval= (char *) salloc(i+1);
+	s->strval= salloc(i+1);
 	s->strval[i]=0;
 	for(; i>=0;i--)
 		s->strval[i]= j;

lang/basic/lib/swap.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-#include "string.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 _intswap(i1,i2)
 int *i1,*i2;

lang/basic/lib/trace.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
-_trace()
-{	
+_trace(i)
 int i;
+{	
 printf("[%d]",i);
 }

lang/basic/lib/trap.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <setjmp.h>
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* Trap handling */
 int	_trpline;	/* BASIC return label */

lang/basic/lib/write.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#include "string.h"
-#include "io.h"
+#include "bc_string.h"
+#include "bc_io.h"
 
-/* $Header $ */
+/* $Header$ */
 
 /* assume that the channel has been set */
 
@@ -19,14 +19,17 @@ int i;
 	if(i>0) 
 		if( fputc(' ',_chanwr)==EOF) error(29);
 	fprintf(_chanwr,"%d",i);
+	if( ferror(_chanwr) ) error(29);
 }
 _wrflt(f)
 double f;
 {
-	if( fprintf(_chanwr,"%f",f)== EOF) error(29);
+	fprintf(_chanwr,"%f",f);
+	if( ferror(_chanwr) ) error(29);
 }
 _wrstr(s)
 String *s;
 {
-	 if( fprintf(_chanwr,"\"%s\"",s->strval)== EOF) error(29);
+	fprintf(_chanwr,"\"%s\"",s->strval);
+	if( ferror(_chanwr) ) error(29);
 }

lang/basic/src.old/Makefile

@@ -5,12 +5,16 @@ h=$d/h
 l=$d/lib
 INSTALL=$l/em_bem
 
-CFLAGS = -c -I$h
+CFLAGS = -I$h
 
 FILES= bem.o y.tab.o symbols.o initialize.o compile.o \
 	parsepar.o yywrap.o gencode.o util.o graph.o \
 	eval.o func.o split.o
 
+CFILES= bem.c y.tab.c symbols.c initialize.c compile.c \
+	parsepar.c yywrap.c gencode.c util.c graph.c \
+	eval.c func.c split.c
+
 SRC=    bem.h symbols.h graph.h y.tab.h \
 	bem.c basic.yacc symbols.c initialize.c compile.c \
 	parsepar.c yywrap.c gencode.c util.c graph.c \
@@ -33,12 +37,15 @@ pr:
 		@pr $(SRC)
 
 bem:		$(FILES)
-		cc -o bem $(FILES)
+		$(CC) -o bem $(FILES)
 
-y.tab.o : 	y.tab.c lex.c
-		cc $(CFLAGS) y.tab.c
+y.tab.o : 	y.tab.c basic.lex
+		$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c y.tab.c
 
 y.tab.h y.tab.c : basic.yacc 
 		yacc -d basic.yacc
 
 $(FILES)	: bem.h symbols.h graph.h y.tab.h
+
+lint:		$(CFILES)
+		lint -phac -I$h $(CFILES)

lang/basic/src.old/basic.lex

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Key keywords [] ={
 "print",	PRINTSYM,	0,	0,
 "pos",		FUNCTION,	POSSYM,		0,
 "put",		PUTSYM,		0,	0,
-"randomize",	RANDOMIZESYM,	0,	0,
+"randomi",	RANDOMIZESYM,	0,	0,
 "read",		READSYM,	0,	0,
 "rem",		REMSYM,		0,	0,
 "renum",	ILLEGAL,	0,	0,
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ char name[SIGNIFICANT+1];
 lookup()
 {
 	Key *k;
-	Symbol *s;
+	Symbol *Sym;
 	char *c;
 	int i, typech;
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ lookup()
 		if( isalnum( *(cptr+k->length) ) &&
 		    k->token==FUNCTION) continue;
 		cptr += k->length;
-		yylval= k->classvalue;
+		yylval.integer= k->classvalue;
 		if(debug) printf("lookup:%d %d\n",
 				 k->classvalue,k->token);
 		if( k->token == FUNCTION)
@@ -261,17 +261,17 @@ lookup()
 		if( i<SIGNIFICANT) name[i++]= *c++;
 	name[i]=0;
 	cptr=c;
-	s= (Symbol *) srchsymbol(name);
-	yylval = (YYSTYPE) s;
+	Sym= srchsymbol(name);
+	yylval.Sptr = Sym;
 	typech= typechar();
-	if(s->symtype!=DEFAULTTYPE) 
+	if(Sym->symtype!=DEFAULTTYPE) 
 	{
-		if(typech && typech!=s->symtype && wflag)
+		if(typech && typech!=Sym->symtype && wflag)
 			warning("type re-declared,ignored");
 	}
 	if( typech)
-		s->symtype=typech;
-	if(debug) printf("lookup:%d Identifier\n",s);
+		Sym->symtype=typech;
+	if(debug) printf("lookup:%d Identifier\n",Sym);
 	if( (name[0]=='f' || name[0]=='F') &&
 	    (name[1]=='n' || name[1]=='N') )
 		return(FUNCTID);
@@ -322,16 +322,17 @@ number()
 	cptr=c;
 	if( *c != '.'){
 		if( i1> MAXINT || i1<MININT) {
-			dval= i1;
+			/*NOSTRICT*/ dval= i1;
 			return(FLTVALUE);
 		}
-		ival= i1;
+		/*NOSTRICT*/ ival= i1;
 #ifdef YYDEBUG
 		if(yydebug) printf("number:INTVALUE %d",i1);
 #endif
 		return(INTVALUE);
 	}
 	/* handle floats */
+	/*NOSTRICT*/
 	f= i1; dec=0.1;
 	c++;
 	while( isdigit(*c)){
@@ -365,7 +366,7 @@ scanstring()
 	   the EM file as well, because it is not used internally
 	*/
 	/* generate label here */
-	yylval= genrom();
+	yylval.integer= genrom();
 	length=0;
 	if( fputc('"',emfile) == EOF) fatal("scanstring");
 	sval= cptr;
@@ -392,9 +393,9 @@ scanstring()
 	*cptr=0;
 	cptr++;
 	fprintf(emfile,"\\000\"\n");
-	i=yylval;
-	yylval= genrom();
-	fprintf(emfile,"l%d,1,%d\n",i,length);
+	i=yylval.integer;
+	yylval.integer= genrom();
+	fprintf(emfile,"l%d,9999,%d\n",i,length);
 #ifdef YYDEBUG
 	if(yydebug) printf("STRVALUE found\n");
 #endif
@@ -447,20 +448,19 @@ yylex()
 	case '?': return(PRINTSYM);
 	case '>':
 		if( *(c+1)=='='){
-			c++;c++;cptr=c; yylval= GESYM;return(RELOP);
+			c++;c++;cptr=c; yylval.integer= GESYM;return(RELOP);
 		}
-		yylval= '>';
+		yylval.integer= '>';
 		cptr++;
 		return(RELOP);
-		break;
 	case '<':
 		if( *(c+1)=='='){
-			c++; c++; cptr=c; yylval=LESYM; return(RELOP);
+			c++; c++; cptr=c; yylval.integer=LESYM; return(RELOP);
 		} else
 		if( *(c+1)=='>'){
-			c++; c++; cptr=c; yylval=NESYM; return(RELOP);
+			c++; c++; cptr=c; yylval.integer=NESYM; return(RELOP);
 		} 
-		yylval= '<';
+		yylval.integer= '<';
 		cptr++;
 		return(RELOP);
 	}

lang/basic/src.old/basic.yacc

@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
 %token ELSESYM
 %token FIELDSYM
 %token FORSYM
-%token FUNCTION
-%token FUNCTID
+%token <integer> FUNCTION
+%token <Sptr> FUNCTID
 %token INKEYSYM
 %token GETSYM
 %token GOSUBSYM
 %token GOTOSYM
-%token IFSYM
+%token <integer> IFSYM
 %token INPUTSYM
 %token LETSYM
 %token LINESYM
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 %token SWAPSYM
 %token THENSYM
 %token TOSYM
-%token TRONOFFSYM
+%token <integer> TRONOFFSYM
 %token USINGSYM
 %token USRSYM
 %token WHILESYM
@@ -59,16 +59,22 @@
 %token INTVALUE
 %token FLTVALUE
 %token DBLVALUE
-%token STRVALUE
+%token <integer> STRVALUE
 %token UNARYSYM
-%token IDENTIFIER
+%token <Sptr> IDENTIFIER
 %token ANDSYM
 %token ORSYM
 %token VARPTR
 
-%left BOOLOP
+%type <Sptr> arraydcl identifier indexed
+%type <cptr> getput
+%type <integer> exprlist expression negation compare sum term factor
+%type <integer> parmlist variable printlist inputtail funcname funccall
+
+%left <integer> BOOLOP
 %left NOTSYM
-%left RELOP '=' '<' '>' LESYM GESYM NESYM
+%left '=' '<' '>' LESYM GESYM NESYM
+%left <integer> RELOP
 %left '+' '-'
 %left '*' '/' '\\' MODSYM
 %left '^'
@@ -78,11 +84,16 @@
 #define YYDEBUG
 #include "bem.h"
 
-int	ival;		/* parser temporary values */
+typedef union {
+	int	integer ;
+	Symbol	*Sptr ;
+	char	*cptr ;
+} YYSTYPE ;
+
+int	ival;
 double  dval;
 char	*sval;
 int 	e1,e2;
-int	chann;		/* input/output channel */
 
 char	*formatstring;	/* formatstring used for printing */
 Symbol	*s;		/* Symbol dummy */
@@ -147,11 +158,11 @@ illegalstmt:	ILLEGAL 		{illegalcmd();}
 
 callstmt:	CALLSYM	IDENTIFIER parmlist ')'
 	{ 
-		emcode("cal",proclabel(((Symbol *) $2)->symname));
+		emcode("cal",proclabel($2->symname));
 		while($3 -- >0) emcode("asp",EMPTRSIZE);
 	}
 	|	CALLSYM	IDENTIFIER 
-	{ 	emcode("cal",proclabel(((Symbol *) $2)->symname));}
+	{ 	emcode("cal",proclabel($2->symname));}
 
 parmlist: '(' variable	{ $$=1;}
 	| parmlist ',' variable	{ $$= $1+1;}
@@ -162,10 +173,10 @@ clearstmt:	CLEARSYM			{warning("statement ignored");}
 closestmt:	CLOSESYM filelist		
 	|	CLOSESYM	{emcode("cal","$_close");}
 
-filelist:	cross intvalue			{ emcode("loc",$2);
+filelist:	cross intvalue			{ emcode("loc",itoa(ival));
 						 emcode("cal","$_clochn");
 						 emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);}
-	|	filelist ',' cross intvalue 	{ emcode("loc",$4);
+	|	filelist ',' cross intvalue 	{ emcode("loc",itoa(ival));
 						 emcode("cal","$_clochn");
 						 emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);}
 
@@ -203,11 +214,11 @@ dimstmt:	DIMSYM arraydcl ')'		{dclarray($2);}
 	|	dimstmt ',' arraydcl ')'	{dclarray($3);}
 	;
 
-arraydcl : IDENTIFIER '(' INTVALUE	{$$=$1; s= (Symbol *) $1;
+arraydcl : IDENTIFIER '(' INTVALUE	{$$=$1; s= $1;
 					 s->dimlimit[s->dimensions]=ival;
 					 s->dimensions++;
 					}
-	| arraydcl ',' INTVALUE		{$$=$1; s=(Symbol *) $1;
+	| arraydcl ',' INTVALUE		{$$=$1; s= $1;
 					 if(s->dimensions<MAXDIMENSIONS)
 					 {
 						 s->dimlimit[s->dimensions]=ival;
@@ -233,7 +244,7 @@ step	: STEPSYM expression		{forstep($2);}
 	;
 
 nextstmt: NEXTSYM IDENTIFIER			{nextstmt($2);}
-	| NEXTSYM				{ nextstmt(0);}
+	| NEXTSYM				{ nextstmt((Symbol *)0);}
 	| nextstmt ',' IDENTIFIER		{ nextstmt($3);}
 
 getstmt:	getput  	{emcode("loc",itoa(0));
@@ -245,8 +256,8 @@ getstmt:	getput  	{emcode("loc",itoa(0));
 				  emcode("cal",$1);
 				  emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);
 				}
-getput: GETSYM	cross intvalue { setchannel(ival); $$= (YYSTYPE)"$_getrec";}
-	| PUTSYM cross intvalue { setchannel(ival); $$= (YYSTYPE)"$_putsym";}
+getput: GETSYM	cross intvalue { setchannel(ival); $$= "$_getrec";}
+	| PUTSYM cross intvalue { setchannel(ival); $$= "$_putsym";}
 
 gosubstmt:	GOSUBSYM INTVALUE		{gosubstmt(ival);}
 
@@ -328,7 +339,7 @@ mode	: expression ',' 	{conversion($1,STRINGTYPE);}
 	| ','			{ emcode("lae","_iomode");}
 	;
 
-optionstmt:	OPTIONSYM BASESYM intvalue { optionbase($3);}
+optionstmt:	OPTIONSYM BASESYM intvalue { optionbase(ival);}
 
 printstmt:	PRINTSYM 		{setchannel(-1);emcode("cal","$_nl");}
 	| 	PRINTSYM file format printlist 
@@ -351,10 +362,10 @@ printlist: expression			{ printstmt($1); $$=1;}
 pokestmt: POKESYM expression ',' expression	{pokestmt($2,$4);}
 	;
 randomizestmt:	RANDOMIZESYM 
-			{ emcode("cal","$_randomize");}
+			{ emcode("cal","$_randomi");}
 	| 	RANDOMIZESYM expression
 			 { conversion($2,INTTYPE);
-			  emcode("cal","$_setrandom");
+			  emcode("cal","$_setrand");
 			  emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);}
 
 readstmt:	READSYM {setchannel(0);} variable	{ readelm($3);}
@@ -417,8 +428,8 @@ factor  : INTVALUE			{$$=loadint(ival);}
 	| '(' expression ')'		{$$=$2;}
 	| '-' factor  { $$=negate($2);}
 	| FLTVALUE			{$$=loaddbl(dval);}
-	| STRVALUE			{$$=loadstr($1);}
-	| variable			{$$=loadvar($1);}
+	| STRVALUE			{$$= STRINGTYPE; loadstr($1);}
+	| variable			{$$=$1; loadvar($1);}
 	| INKEYSYM '$' 			{ emcode("cal","$_inkey");
 					  emcode("lfr",EMPTRSIZE);
 					  $$= STRINGTYPE;
@@ -426,11 +437,14 @@ factor  : INTVALUE			{$$=loadint(ival);}
 	| VARPTR '(' '#' intvalue ')'	{ warning("Not supported"); $$=INTTYPE;}
 	| FUNCTION			{$$= callfcn($1,0);}
 	| FUNCTION '(' cross exprlist')'	{$$=callfcn($1,$4);}
-	| funcname			{ $$=fcnend($1);}
-	| funcname funccall ')'	{ $$=fcnend($1,$2);}
+	| funcname			{ $$=fcnend(0);}
+	| funcname funccall ')'	{ $$=fcnend($2);}
 	| MIDSYM '$' midparms	
 	{	emcode("cal","$_mid");
-		emcode("asp",itoa($3));
+		emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);
+		emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);
+		emcode("asp",EMPTRSIZE);
+		/* emcode("asp",itoa($3)); */
 		emcode("lfr",EMPTRSIZE);
 		$$= STRINGTYPE;
 	}
@@ -460,4 +474,4 @@ exprlist: expression	{ typetable[0]= $1; $$=1;}
 #ifndef NORCSID
 static char rcs_id[]	= "$Header$" ;
 #endif
-#include "lex.c"
+#include "basic.lex"

lang/basic/src.old/bem.h

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 # define RCS_BEM	"$Header$"
 #endif
 
-#define POINTERSIZE	4
 #define MAXINT		32768
 #define MININT		-32767
 #define EMINTSIZE	"EM_WSIZE"
@@ -26,6 +25,8 @@
 #define CHANNEL		0
 #define THRESHOLD	40		/* for splitting blocks */
 
+#define void		int		/* Some C compilers don't know void */
+
 extern char	*program;		/* name of source program */
 extern char	*inpfile;		/* input tko compiler */
 extern char	*outfile;		/* output from compiler */
@@ -60,4 +61,12 @@ extern Linerecord *currline;
 extern char *itoa();
 extern char *datalabel();
 extern char *instrlabel();
+extern char *proclabel();
 extern char *typesize();
+extern char *typestring();
+extern char *salloc();
+
+extern char *sprintf();
+extern char *strcpy();
+extern char *strcat();
+extern char *malloc();

lang/basic/src.old/compile.c

@@ -6,13 +6,15 @@ static char rcs_id[] = "$Header$" ;
 
 
 /* compile the next program in the list */
+/* Here we should open the input file. (for the future) */
 
 FILE *yyin;
 
-compileprogram()
+compileprogram(dummyprog)
+char *dummyprog;
 {
 
 	while( getline())
-		yyparse();
-	fclose(yyin);
+		(void) yyparse();
+	(void) fclose(yyin);
 }

lang/basic/src.old/eval.c

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ int	ltype,rtype,operator;
 	else
 	if( result==STRINGTYPE)
 	{
-		emcode("cal","$_strcompare");
+		emcode("cal","$_strcomp");
 		emcode("asp",EMPTRSIZE);
 		emcode("asp",EMPTRSIZE);
 		emcode("lfr",EMINTSIZE);
@@ -321,7 +321,6 @@ int type;
 {
 	/* load a simple variable  its address is on the stack*/
 	emcode("loi",typestring(type));
-	return(type);
 }
 loadint(value)
 int value;
@@ -343,7 +342,6 @@ loadstr(value)
 int value;
 {
 	emcode("lae",datalabel(value));
-	return(STRINGTYPE);
 }
 loadaddr(s)
 Symbol *s;

lang/basic/src.old/gencode.c

@@ -52,7 +52,11 @@ int nr;
 	fprintf(tmpfile,"%d\n",currline->emlabel);
 	fprintf(tmpfile," lin %d\n",nr);
 	emlinecount += 2;
-	if( tronoff || traceflag) emcode("cal","$_trace");
+	if( tronoff || traceflag) {
+		emcode("loc",itoa(nr));
+		emcode("cal","$_trace");
+		emcode("asp","EM_WSIZE");
+	}
 }
 
 emcode(operation,params)
@@ -67,9 +71,9 @@ List	*datalist=0;
 datastmt()
 {
 	List *l,*l1;
-	l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
+	/*NOSTRICT*/ l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
 	l->linenr= currline->linenr;
-	l->emlabel= (long) ftell(datfile);
+	/*NOSTRICT?*/ l->emlabel= (long) ftell(datfile);
 	if( datalist==0) 
 	{
 		datalist=l;
@@ -89,8 +93,8 @@ datatable()
 	int line=0;
 
 	/* called at end to generate the data seek table */
-	fprintf(emfile," exa _seektable\n");
-	fprintf(emfile,"_seektable\n");
+	fprintf(emfile," exa _seektab\n");
+	fprintf(emfile,"_seektab\n");
 	l= datalist;
 	while(l)
 	{
@@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ int lab;
 	/* save this information too */
 
 	 emcode("loc",itoa(0));
-	 emcode("cal","$_setchannel");
+	 emcode("cal","$_setchan");
 	 emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);
 	 emcode("loc",itoa(lab));
 	 emcode("cal","$_restore");
@@ -266,7 +270,7 @@ setchannel(val)
 int val;
 {	/* obtain file descroption */
 	emcode("loc",itoa(val));
-	emcode("cal","$_setchannel");
+	emcode("cal","$_setchan");
 	emcode("asp",EMINTSIZE);
 }
 /* The if-then-else statements */
@@ -541,12 +545,20 @@ prolog2()
 	if( dataused)
 	{
 		fprintf(emfile," loc 0\n");
-		fprintf(emfile," cal $_setchannel\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," cal $_setchan\n");
 		fprintf(emfile," asp EM_WSIZE\n");
-		fprintf(emfile,"datfname\n rom \"%s\"\n", datfname);
-		fprintf(emfile," lae datfname\n");
+		fprintf(emfile,"datfname\n rom \"%s\\0\"\n", datfname);
+		fprintf(emfile,"dattyp\n rom \"i\\0\"\n");
+		fprintf(emfile,"datfdes\n rom datfname,1,%d\n",
+			strlen(datfname));
+		fprintf(emfile,"dattdes\n rom dattyp,1,1\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," lae dattdes\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," lae datfdes\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," loc 0\n");
 		fprintf(emfile," cal $_opnchn\n");
 		fprintf(emfile," asp EM_PSIZE\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," asp EM_PSIZE\n");
+		fprintf(emfile," asp EM_WSIZE\n");
 	}
 	datatable();
 }

lang/basic/src.old/graph.c

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ Linerecord	*firstline,
 		*currline, 
 		*lastline;
 
+List *newlist()
+{
+	List *l;
+	/*NOSTRICT*/ l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
+	return(l);
+}
+
 /* Line management is handled here */
 
 Linerecord *srchline(nr)
@@ -68,7 +75,7 @@ int	nr;
 	}
 
 	/* make new EM block structure */
-	l= (Linerecord *) salloc(sizeof(*l));
+	/*NOSTRICT*/ l= (Linerecord *) salloc(sizeof(*l));
 	l->emlabel= frwrd? frwrd->emlabel: genlabel();
 	l->linenr= nr;
 	/* save offset into tmpfile too */
@@ -94,7 +101,7 @@ int nr;
 
 	if(debug) printf("goto label %d\n",nr);
 	/* update currline */
-	ll= (List *) salloc( sizeof(*ll));
+	ll= newlist();
 	ll-> linenr=nr;
 	ll-> nextlist= currline->gotos;
 	currline->gotos= ll;
@@ -108,7 +115,7 @@ int nr;
 	{
 		/* declare forward label */
 		if(debug) printf("declare forward %d\n",nr);
-		ll= (List *) salloc( sizeof(*ll));
+		ll= newlist();
 		ll->emlabel= genlabel();
 		ll-> linenr=nr;
 		ll->nextlist= forwardlabel;
@@ -132,9 +139,8 @@ int	gosubcnt=1;
 List *gosublabel()
 {
 	List *l;
-	int n;
 
-	l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
+	l= newlist();
 	l->nextlist=0;
 	l->emlabel=genlabel();
 	if( gotail){
@@ -192,7 +198,7 @@ int nr;
 {
 	List *l;
 
-	l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
+	l= newlist();
 	l->emlabel= gotolabel(nr);
 	l->nextlist=0;
 	if( jumphead==0) jumphead= jumptail= l;
@@ -247,7 +253,7 @@ int type;
 	}
 	jumphead= jumptail=0; jumpcnt=0;
 
-	l= (List *) salloc(sizeof(List));
+	l= newlist();
 	l->nextlist=0;
 	l->emlabel=firstlabel;
 	if( gotail){
@@ -277,12 +283,12 @@ simpleprogram()
 	/* a small EM programs has been found */
 	prologcode();
 	prolog2();
-	fclose(tmpfile);
+	(void) fclose(tmpfile);
 	tmpfile= fopen(tmpfname,"r");
 	if( tmpfile==NULL)
 		fatal("tmp file disappeared");
 	while( (length=fread(buf,1,512,tmpfile)) != 0)
-		fwrite(buf,1,length,emfile);
+		(void) fwrite(buf,1,length,emfile);
 	epilogcode();
-	unlink(tmpfname);
+	(void) unlink(tmpfname);
 }